Multi-Fibre Agreement Impact on the European Economy Essay

Multi-Fibre Agreement Impact on the European Economy - Essay ExampleThere was an agreement among the EU states in the year 1995 to contour out the MFA over a period of ten years. Accordingly the MFA was abolished at the end of the year 2004. The removal of the nourishionist measure in the form of MFA has resulted in sparingal advantages to certain Western European Countries. However certain other European countries like Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece have raised serious complaints against the removal of the quantitative restrictions on the defense that such action had largely affected their domestic textile and clothing industry and the workers in the industry. With this terra firma this paper presents a critical assessment of the potentiality benefits and problems to which European Union is subjected to due to the abolition of MFA.Before the impact of the abolition of the MFA on the European Union can be discussed it is important a background of the causes and circumstanc es under which MFA was entered and the immediate effect of the abolition thereof. (Jean-Pierre Lehmann)The emergence of China as an economic power had influenced all the other countries of the world to make economic adjustments to grow at the same pace as Chinese economy genuine. In the light of these changes in the world economy, the Western European countries had embarked upon an association for stay and prosperity in the form of European Union. The economic and political success of the European Union had made the Eastern European countries to request for accession to the EU. any the European countries and even China opted for accession to World Trade Organization in the wake of economic globalization. (Jean-Pierre Lehmann) The formation of the EU and accession to the WTO had resulted in nigh over-regulation and un-dynamic inbuilt rigid aspects in some of the European economies especially for the protection of uncompetitive sectors. This had also restricted the provision of th e conducive conditions for any creative goal or innovation. Under these circumstances countries like the Netherlands, Britain, Ireland, Latvia and the Scandinavian countries have reformed their economic structures and adjusted themselves to the changing circumstances. However there are other bigger economies like Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Poland had become less successful due to their industrial sluggishness. One of the anomalies of the international trading system resulted out of such un-dynamic environment basically to protect the domestic industry was to place the textiles and garment out of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) rules in the Multi-Fibre Agreement (MFA) The agreement was entered into with the intense pressure from the governments of the developed countries since there was a fear in the import-competing firms in such nations that the rise in imports from the cost-competitive developing countries would eventually destroy the viability of their domestic textile and clothing industry.( (Grimwade, 1996)This was a defence measure initially taken in response to

Civil and Environmental Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

civilized and Environmental Engineering - Essay ExampleThis is arch going to be more so in the future and civil conducts need to know how to deal with this issue (Seracino, 2006). Apparently, the trend is familiar in the mod world as can be seen in Dubai. Dubai, one of the most popular emirates of the United Arabs Emirates has set the trend where buildings are not built to scarce serve a technical function, but are also a cultural statement (McCuen, Ezzell & Wong, 2011). This aspect of civil engineering has brought with it more challenges to the civil engineers who in the modern world have to execute civil engineering projects that are far more complex than the technical aspects. This trend might not run soon. As such, civil engineers in future will be required to be more creative and more resourceful in executing their projects. Civil engineering is going to take a new turn where it will have a more social and cultural aspect. Architects are forever coming up with more comple x designs which the civil engineers will have to implement and that are becoming a challenge.Modern civil engineers also have to be able to look at the ways they have to control the budget. As a matter of facts, numerous issues make the modern civil engineer to be good financial manager. To begin with, as Fellin (2004) modern customers are more aware of the cost of construction and are likely to offer fewer money than it was in the early years. When a modern civil engineer gets a project, whether from the government, a firm or an individual, they are likely to get more fortress when asking for the funding of the project. In this regard, the civil engineer must be a good negotiator in order to get things done Hansen and Zenobia (2011). He or she must be able to negotiate with the financiers of the project and must also be able to negotiate with other stakeholders in the industry. Where the civil engineer is involved in the procurement of materials and other resources such

Why Science and Theologians Should Work Together Research Paper

Why Science and Theologians Should Work Together - Research Paper Example holiness refers to the logical and intellectual study of religion and its power. It also refers to the study of the nature of religious truths, or the academic profession acquired by completing education in religious studies (Cobb 1). Theology can be studied in seminaries, universities or school of divinities. The aim of Science is accepting legitimate relations amongst natural phenomena. Religion refers to a look of living within a bigger framework of sense (Thyateira 1). This paper will research on the reasons why scientists and theologians should work together and how they are compatible. The obligate will also research on the similarities and the differences between science and theology. Fin all(prenominal)y, it will show how science and religion can both function together to be productive. In recent use, the term science regularly refers to the means of tracking knowledge, not only the knowledge taught itself (Cobb 1). It is often taken to be equivalent to natural and natural science (Friberg 1). It is, thus, limited to those branches of study that involve the occurrences of the material world and their principles, occasionally with indirect exclusion of pure mathematics. Augustine of Hippo referred to theology as a discussion concerning or reasoning about divinity (Thyateira 1). Richard Hooker referred to theology as the science of divine things. The phrase can, however, be applied in a variety of divers(a) disciplines or forms of discussions. Theologians use diverse forms of argument and analysis to help appreciate, clarify, experiment, critique, promote or defend any of the countless religious issues. These diverse forms of analysis are spiritual, philosophical, historical and ethnographic topics among others (Thyateira 1). Why Scientists and Theologians Should Work Together Theology has two pedigrees. One was the religious beliefs of the inhabitants of Israel as arbitrated to the Gentile world finished Jesus and His apostle Paul. The other was the complicated thought of the Gentile world, expressed in the Greek beliefs. In contrast with the current era, the sciences are still immature (Cobb 1). that such as it was, they were markedly integrated into beliefs. Hence the exploitation of Greek beliefs was also exploitation of Greek science. Science should reflect on what the Bible suggests because it is all about understanding the future. Scientists gift to reflect on the dependability of religion. Studying the Bible will enlighten them on end-time procedures and what they can anticipate. The precise date when these events kill is indefinite. In Christian theology, the term rapture refers to the period that Christ will take His followers to Heaven, both those who had passed away and those who are alive. Science refers to an attempt of appreciating creation. biblical belief entails our relation to the Creator. Since we can study about the Creator from his creation, religion can study from science (Hairston 1). The discussion is complex since some theologians referred to as Pre-millennialists take that the rapture will be carried out before the tribulation. Mid-point theologians conceive the rapture will take place at the midpoint of three and half years, and post-millennialists believe that it will be after the millennium. There have to be joint trust in merging their disparities in genuine faith. Bible teachers deem that Christians have the bigger corrections to craft. Some scientists are atheists. Most of them want the truth to triumph and are prepared to believe Biblical affirmations only if they do not infringe on confirmed science. Scientists should observe how God has performed his work in the past to find out how he will function in the future. God is consistent (Cobb 1). If people study accomplished prophecies, they will get confidence when they

Evaluating Automobile Fuel Essay Example for Free

Evaluating Automobile Fuel EssayThe alternatives to liquid fuels atomic number 18 compressed swaggeres and electric power, however, both are viewed as inferior by the automotive industry. The flatulencees are inferior in monetary value of energy content per unit volume. Electric power may be stored on board a vehicle in a battery or (for a short time) in capacitors. However, batteries are regarded within the automotive industry as substandard compared to liquid fuels in terms of energy stored by unit weight and volume.Furthermore their cost is high, and the manufacture of just about battery types involves large quantities of scarce or environmentally-threatening materials including cadmium, lead, lithium, nickel, sodium, sulphur and zinc. According to the already mentioned just-auto report entitled The future of road vehicle fuels forecasts to 2020 (January 2008), the International Energy Agencys World Energy Outlook 2007 found that around 230m position of oil equivalent are required to meet global demand each day.Of this total, liquids account for the largest share of the 230m barrels (37%) followed by coal (23%) and natural gas (21%), leaving a 19% contribution from nuclear and sustainable sources. Of the liquids, however, transport use accounts for more than half (51%), with the remainder going to industry (32%), residential and commercialised (11%) and power generation (6%).The residential and commercial share is mainly accounted for by oil-fired central heating, and the small power generation share by gas turbines running to meet peak loads. It follows that the transport sector share of the world energy market is just over half of 37%, in early(a) words some 19% or just under one-fifth of the total. It should also be borne in mind that the transport sector is itself divided into light vehicles (privately-owned passenger vehicles and light commercial vehicles), heavy-duty vehicles, and other transport applications (aircraft, ships and diesel railway engines).The light-duty and heavy-duty sub-sectors take about 40% each, and the other applications some 20%. The search for improved efficiency in the transport sector must therefore embrace both light-duty and heavy-duty road vehicles.

History of Electrocardiography Machine Essay Example for Free

tarradiddle of Electrocardiography Machine EssayHistory of electrocardiography prevails over ii centuries as an intellectual exercise as the process of inventing an electrocardiogram started with the Galvanis idea of animal electricality. In 1842 this idea was further reinforced by Italian physicist Carlo Matteucci who illustrated by his experiments that electric authentic could be quantified from inactive heart muscle. German physiologist Emil Dubois-Reymond further explored this phenomenon and confirmed Carlo Matteuccis conclusion and labeled this changing current in the resting muscle as action potential.He further developed a device that could deliver stimulation pulses to the muscles and was capable of computing discharge current of muscles at short intervals. In 1856 Rudolph von Koelliker and Heinrich Muller recorded an action potentialon the spotaneous beating heart. But the major development came in 1872 when French physicist Gabriel Lippmann introduced a capillary e lectrometer. This capillary electrometer was based on the principle of polarization and surface tension. Structurally it was a slender glass tube with atomic number 80-sulphuric acid base.The mercury meniscus stirred with the influx of electrical potential and was observable by a microscope. In 1893, Willem Einthoven who is considered as the inventor of new electric cardiogram and its heterogeneous principles apply the term electrocardiogram at a conference of the Dutch Medical Association. But major development occurred during the three years staring from 1901 when Einthoven disgruntled with capillary electrometer and it slow response, designed a chain of mountains galvanometer.This galvanometer contained a string eletromagnet to produce a magnetic flux, two piece poles, a quartz string between the two piece poles, peepholes in the two piece poles to observe the position of string. It further contained a lamp and timing systen to examine the shadow of string at different time intervals. The weight of this whole apparatus was about 600 pounds. He further modified the string galvanometer to invent a more effective electrocardiograms. and in 1902, Einthoven brought out the first electrocardiogram that was recorded on his string galvanometer. This was a giants leap in the history of bio-medical. In dedicate to produce string galvanometer on commercial level, Einthoven discussed the possibilities with Horace Darwin of Cambridge Scientific Instruments Company of London. So this event made the electrocardiogram to come out of experimentation and to be used in medical profession. Einthoven, in 1906, circulated the first presentation electrocardiograms recorded with a string galvanometer.These electrocardiograms included the specimen of left and right ventricular and atrial, atrial flutter, ventricular premature beats etc. In 1910, Horatio Williams who was professor at Cornell University Medical College, New York issued electrocardiograms of patient that manife st atrial and ventricular ectopics, ventricular hypertrophy, atrial fibrillation and ventricular fibrillation that were recorded in hospital using a complex system of cables. This was first large-scale use of electrocardiograms in the hospitals.With the advent and introduction of vacuum tubes, the electric galvanometer was further modified and improved. In 1926, Ernestine and Levine used these vacuum tubes to produce enlarged images. Cathode rays tube further helped to produce portable electrocardiograms. Today electrocardiograms works on the corresponding principles that were devised Einthoven in the first decade of 20th century.ReferencesBurchell HB. A centennial note on Waller and the first human electrocardiogram. Am J Cardiol 1987 59979-983 Burch, G.E. A History of Electrocardiography. Chicago. Year Book Medical. 1964. Burnett J. The origins of the electrocardiograph as a clinical instrument. Medical History Supplement 5 1985, 53-76. Published as a monograph. The emergence of modern cardiology. Bynum WF, Lawrence C, Nutton V, eds. Wellcome Institute for the History of Medicine1985. Fye WB. A history of the origin, evolution, and impact of electrocardiography. Am J Cardiol 199473937-949 Plonsey, R. Bioelectric Phenomenon. New York. McGraw-Hill. 1972.

Two Treatises of Government Essay Example for Free

Two Treatises of Government EssayIn chapter V of The Second Treatise of Government by John Locke, he begins by explaining that God has given earth to all man in common. Meaning every whizz equally owns all of the earth and its fruits. How tail assembly we humans, fairly distribute this get? What gives one man the right to a deer over every other person on earth? Labor, Locke states The cranch that was mine removing them out of that common state they were in, hath fixed my property in them(13). This meaning that once you put work and physical labor into some style of republic or animal, it is so yours to own out of the common land.For example, a man sees a deer on the side of the road and uses his weapon to blot out it. He has used his recourses and skill to take that deer out of the common and made it his property. The same can be said for land. You work on the land and use it to grow crops. Therefore, the crops are yours. Locke follows up this view he has by saying you c an lone(prenominal) take so much, because then you will be taking for spoils. Nothing was made by god for man to spoil and subvert. (Locke 14) I believe this is the part we as habitants of this earth bring on disregarded. In todays world, we constantly spoil land and recourses.For a little money, we are willing to ruin habitats to the point of extinction or complete eradication. I live as if Locke wrote this as a warning, stating, yes you may own all land that you labor on but do not spoil it. What makes us as humans ignore this? Greed is a very powerful thing and if we allow man to own all land in which he plant in, what is to stop him from abusing it to receive riches? There wouldnt be a need to spoil the land for riches, if gold didnt have such a high value in society. Locke is very much aware that the balance can be broke fairly easy.At the end of section 50 he states But since gold and silver, being little useful to the life of man in proportion to food, raiment, and car riage, has its value still from the consent of men, whereof labor nonetheless makes, in great part, the measure, it is plain, that men have agreed to a disproportionate and unequal possession of the earth, they having, by a tacit and voluntary consent, found out, a way how a man may fairly possess more land than he himself can use the product of, by receiving in replace for the over plus gold and silver, which may be hoarded up without injury to any one these metals not spoiling or decaying in the hands of the proprietor (23).After stating what he believes is the best way to distribute land, this is his way of warning us how easily this balance can be broken. He means to study everything he explained doesnt matter because we have allowed value to be given to something, which cannot feed man and does not spoil in the hands of man. Therefore, unbalancing nature and allowing legitimate men in power to posses a disproportionate amount of this earth only because they own more gold a nd silver.By us as a society agreeing blindly to give gold such high value, we have changed the ways of life from wanting to obtain cattle, land, and natural goods. To in turn only chasing gold and silver (money). This only hurts the earth that has been given to all men in common by God. It allows men with wealth and power to spoil lands and destroy habitats only because they choose to obtain absurd amounts of gold to let decay and spoil in their hands. Take for example all the animals, which go extinct by allowing certain men with enough money to go out with multimillion-dollar machines and completely wipe out forests.Which is as Locke states given to all men in common. So what is Lockes purpose in making us realize this? Its feels like a warning, letting you see the way earth should really be distributed and then by explaining how gold has ruined that. It plants a thought in your head that makes one wonder if we truly are equal and if the earth truly does choke to us all in commo n. It seems like land its only owned by those who have been successful in obtaining gold in one form or another. Even if it means spoiling the land that belongs to all humans in common, not to just them. I believe Locke was way onward of his time.He is predicting how the world is in a society where gold and silver are the important possession. The combination of the way Locke believes land should be distributed, and the value we have agreed to give gold in society. Locke states Right and convenience went together for as a man had a right to all he could put on his labor upon, so he had no temptation to labor for more than he could make use of(23). Here at the end of Chapter V is where Locke believes if we as men only take what we need to survive it would be highly convenient and the distribution of land would work out perfectly.We all know in the world we live in today that will never happen. Man will take as much as he desires till the land is too spoiled to take anymore. These t wo separate views on property that we as a society have agreed to live under only hurt us further. The combination of them is what causes a heavily unequal society. That is why we see some men own enormous amounts of land and property, while others take ont even have a box to sleep in. Bibliography Locke, John. The Second Treatise of Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration. Mineola, New York Dover Publications, 2002. Print.

EU Instruments for Pre-Accession Assistance

EU promoters for Pre-Accession AssistanceRegional DevelopmentINTRODUCTION gumminess policy of the European Union aims to reduce scotch and amicable differences between the member States of the Union by livelihood and encouraging contributional schooling. The Treaty of Rome and the Single European Act promote decreasing differences in the regional development while regional policy provides investments for necessary restructuring in the slight demonstrable regions and support for root word development, increase of employment, and stimulation of industry. To finance projects that contribute to the regional development tackiness and geomorphologic money are used, which account for a third of the common work out of the European Union (Chalmers Dellmuth, 2014).The key clinicals of regional development are regional competitiveness and employment, and european territorial reserve cooperation (European Commission). The effort are focused on facilitating increase growth and co nvergence of the least developed member states and regions with the death of increasing the regional competitiveness and thus improving cooperation with other European regions. In assure to promote regional development, the European Union has secured additional financial avail for member states through various specie. Cohesion stemma is intended for countries which need to tint the convergence criteria. The European Regional Development farm animal, as one of the main financial instruments of the EUs cohesion policy, and European Social Fund, Europes main tool for promoting employment and loving inclusion, are called structural finances and are aimed at strengthening sparing and social cohesion in the European Union and at the reduction of differences in development between the regions.Kyriacou and Rocca-Sagales (2011) found that the geomorphological Funds reduced regional disparities in the rate of flow from 1995 to 2006. Beugelsdijk and Eijffinger (2005) and Ederveen (2 006) as well confirmed positive impact of structural funds on consumption and growth of GDP per capita, but only in countries with developed institutions. Effect of the use of structural funds to decrease regional differences is potentially reversed if transfers are above a certain limit (about 1.6% of gross domestic product). This has implications on the desirable allocation of resources in future, especially since, in the endure programming period (2007-20113), transmissions to all new member states except Cyprus and Malta exceeded the given threshold. Popa (2012) points out that although there are examples of good practice of the use of EU funds, they often represent more a financial burden then they truly serve as a mean of reducing regional disparities, which is their goal.Reforms of funding in the new programming period 2014-2020 have the potential to improve the readiness of the use of the funds, but significant effects of their use can non be expected in the absence of structural reforms, given the constraints in monitor the use of funds in different countries and the difficulties in establishing irregularities and potential illegal use of funds (Chalmers Dellmuth, 2014). virtually authors agree that after 20 years of implementation of the EU Cohesion Policy its effectiveness remains questionable (Bachtler et al., 2015). In fact, in theory, the allocation of EU funds needs to be designed so to ensure that the poorer regions receive more funds. In practice, the allocation and the distribution of funds was under the influence of lobbying, the unwillingness of regional authorities to absorb funds, as well as of the lack of resources and incentives for the European Union to question the political motives for the selection of projects at the local take (Dellmuth Stoffel, 2012).1. REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT FUNDINGEuropean Regional Policy was adopted by the European Commission in 1965, followed by the creation of the Directorate-General for Regional Polic y in 1968. In 1972, Regional Policy was recognized as an essential factor in strengthening the Community (European Commission).Regional policy has focused from its very jumpstart on promoting balanced regional development. The resources from the cohesion and structural funds are to be used in the beginning to minimize the differences in development between regions of the European Union as well as differences in the standard of living of citizens of these regions.Among the main objectives of the regional policy in the programming period from 2000 to 2006 were the development and structural adjustment of those regions whose GDP per capita was lower than 75% of the EU mediocre, the economic and social conversion of areas facing structural difficulties and adjustment and modernization of the national policies and educational systems, as well as training and employment. For the financing of the regional development policy the European Commission established the European Regional Devel opment Fund (ERDF), whose objective is the elimination of regional disparities and promotion of a stable and sustainable development, the European Social Fund (ESF), aimed at developing human resources and employment, financial instrument for Fisheries guidance (Financial instrument for Fisheries guidance FIFG), whose goal is a balanced water resources management and development of the competitive infrastructure, and European Agricultural Guidance and Guarantee Fund (EAGGF), whose goal is to support the earthy agricultural policy and the improvement of agricultural structures and cracker-barrel development.From 2007 to 2013, the outcome of funds was reduced to three (ERDF, ESF and the Cohesion Fund), and the emphasis was placed on the less developed regions, to achieve greater growth and higher employment rate. The European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) aims to strengthen economic and social cohesion in the European Union. European Social Fund (ESF) aims to increase employme nt and increase opportunities for finding a job in the European Union.The Cohesion Fund is intended for Member States whose gross national product per capita is less than 90% of the Unions and aims to support economic and social development, and helps to bring st magnate to the economic system of the less developed countries. Given that the three main objectives of EU regional policy are convergence, regional competitiveness and employment and European territorial cooperation, Cohesion Fund mainly supports convergence and, although it is the subject to the same rules of programming, management and monitoring as well as the structural funds and plays a similar role, the Fund has been primarily used to provide means for adjusting the national economies of the countries which had decided to introduce a common currency, and to relieve national budgets of the poorer member states. Investments in the areas of transfer, environmental vindication, achieving energy efficiency and use of r enewable energy sources are usually financed from the Cohesion Fund.For example, through the four national programs for Croatia, 10.74 billion Euro from the European structural and investment funds has been allocated in the period from 2014 to 2020. Croatia has a total budget of 12.67 billion Euro for investments into research and innovation, employment, education and training of employees, as well as for social inclusion projects, project in the public administration and civil society, as well as infrastructure projects and projects relate to the protection of the environment Protection (http / /ec.europa.eu, 2016).The management of the morphologic Funds and Cohesion Fund is based on the principles of programming, concentration, co-financing and partnership. Programming is the process of allocation of structural funds in accordance with the defined objectives and criteria over a certain period of time. Concentration involves directing funds to where they are most needed. Co-finan cing means that part of the investment has to be obtained from domestic sources, while partnership implies close cooperation between Member States and the European Commission.Since the implementation of the Cohesion policy requires developed institutional framework, each state chooses one of three approaches for the implementation of the Cohesion policy differential approach, which is characterized by the separating the structures for the implementation of cohesion policy from the regular presidency bodies (for example, The Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom), the unique approach, whereby the funds are directed through the national, or regional ministries and agencies (for example Austria, Spain, separate of Germany and most new Member States) and the combined approach, which represents a combination of the previous two approaches (for example Finland, France and Italy). The choice depends on the existing administrative arrangements and levels of funding.2. INSTRUMENT FOR PRE-ACC ESSION assistInstrument for Pre-Accession Assistance ( IPA) is the program for the countries which are in the process of accession to the Union. Pre-accession funds are intended to facilitate the economic and social transformation, which are include in the conditions for the admission to the Union.From 2000 to 2006, countries in the process of accession to the EU had access to financial instruments called PHARE (Pologne et Hongrie Aide Restructuration Economique), ISPA (Instrument for Structural Policies for pre-Accession), SAPARD (Special pre-accession assistance for Agriculture and Rural Development), and CARDS (Community assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation). From 2007 to 2013 total IPA budget amounted to 11.468 billion Euro (narr.gov.rs). Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance consists of cardinal offices (narr.gov.rs)Transition Assistance and Institution Building. The first component of the IPA aims to provide support in the process of accession to the European Union, especially in meeting the criteria and standards imposed by the accession, transposition of the legislation and, in particular, the strengthening of the institutional capacity.Cross- skirt cooperation. The objective of this component is to promote good neighborly relations and regional cooperation between traditionally less developed regions in the countries which engage in the joint cross border projectsRegional Development. The third IPA component aims to improve economic and social cohesion through the development of the transport infrastructure, particularly the development of national transport networks and trans-European networks, protection of the environment including policies such as waste management, management of water supply and waste water, as well as the monitoring of air quality, the rehabilitation of foul areas, execution of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources, and the development of regional competitiveness by fostering entrepreneur ship and employment.The development of human resources. This component aims to contribute to economic and social cohesion and to achieving the priorities of the European Employment Strategy in the areas of employment, education, training and social inclusion.Rural Development. This component provides support for sustainable agricultural and rural development by improving market efficiency and facilitating the adoption of the EU standards, provides support for the establishment of producer groups and investments in the processing and marketing of agricultural and fishery products, as well as the implementation of best practices in the field of environmental protection and improvement in agriculture and development of rural infrastructure.All five components of IPA can be used by the country with the status of candidate country and which has implemented decentralized system of management of EU funds (Decentralized execution System DIS), while the potential candidate countries and th ose candidate countries which have not yet accredited DIS have access to funds from the first and second components of IPA (narr.gov.rs). care of EU funds under Decentralized Implementation System is approved after meeting criteria and conditions defined by the European Commission.The first component of the Instrument for Pre-accession assistance is related to the transition assistance and the development of institutions, and it decreases as the countrys economy develops and gets closer to the European standards, practices and the membership of the Union. The second component of the IPA is related to Cross-Border Cooperation. Third IPA office is a predecessor of the Cohesion Fund, while the fourth and fifth IPA components are precursors of the todays structural funds. IPA funds are not used exclusively for the implementation of institutional projects, but are also used for the preparation of the country for the accession through the implementation of prescribed objectives, princip les.IPA beneficiary countries are divided into two categories (ec.europa.eu) candidate countries for EU (Turkey, Albania, Montenegro, Serbia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia) are eligible for all five components of IPAPotential candidate countries in the Western Balkans (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo under UN Security Council resolvent 1244/99) are eligible only for the first two components.Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance IPA II 2014-2020 was established by the European Parliament and the Council Regulation no. 231/2014 of 11 March 2014 and applied retroactively from January 1, 2014. IPA II is the successor of the IPA for the period 2014-2020 and has a budget of 11.7 billion. Users of IPA II are Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Kosovo, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey (http//ec.europa.eu).IPA II Regulation determines that the European Commission and the beneficiary of IPA II are to conclude general agreements on the imp lementation of the aid, which defines the rules for the implementation of the Unions financial assistance under the IPA II, primarily in relation to the management of IPA II, including the rules of programming, implementation, financial management, monitoring, control and audit, reporting and protection of financial interests.One of the major changes in the structure of the IPA II, which, instead of the 5 components comprising the IPA I, is the understructure of the policy areas. Policy areas within the IPA II are (Pejovi et al., 2014)Reforms as part of preparations for EU membership and institutional and capacity constructSocio-economic and regional developmentEmployment, social policy, education, promotion of gender equality and human resource developmentAgriculture and rural developmentRegional and territorial cooperation.The most important innovation in the IPA II is its strategic focus. Each country should prepare a specific strategic planning document for the period of 7 yea rs, which will enable express integration, reform and development programs, and ensures a focus on the priorities in terms of regional cooperation.IPA II aims to facilitate the reforms in the context of pre-defined sectors. These sectors include areas closely related to the enlargement strategy, as well as democracy and governance, the rule of constabulary, growth and competitiveness. This approach promotes structural reforms that are expected to help the governments to transform the given sectors and to successfully conduct harmonization with EU standards. In this way, the European Commission wishes to ensure the efficiency of the fund, sustaunfitness and their focus on results. IPA II focuses on measuring the effects and monitoring the realization of expected results.IPA II aims at achieve four specific objectives. The overall objective is to support the beneficiary countries in adopting and implementing the political, institutional, legal, administrative, social and economic re forms that are required from them in order to conform with the values of the European Union and to ensure gradual alignment with the rules, standards, policies and practices for achieving full membership in the EU.The specific objectives of IPA II are (Pejovi et al., 2014)Support for political reform strengthening democracy and the rule of law, including an independent and efficient judiciary promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, notice for the rights of minorities, including LGBT people, promoting gender equality, prohibition of discrimination and fostering tolerance, and freedom of the media and cultural diversity regional cooperation and good neighborly relations the promotion of reconciliation and confidence building measures the fight against corruption and organized crime strengthening public administration and good governance at all levels capacity building measures to improve law enforcement, border management and implementation of migration pol icies the development of civil society improving social dialogue and strengthening the capacity of the social partners.Support the economic, social and territorial development with focus on smart, sustainable and inclusive growth reaching the EU standards in the economy, including a functioning market economy and fiscal and economic governance. Economic reforms are necessary in order to face competitive pressure and market forces within the EU, and which at the same time contribute to the achievement of objectives in the field of social rights and environmental protection promotion of employment, mobility of workers and the development of human capital improving social and economic inclusion, in particular of minorities and dangerous groups, including people with disabilities, refugees and displaced persons fostering an inclusive and integrated education system and the protection and restoration of cultural heritage development of physical capital, including infrastructure improvem ents and connecting with the networks of the EU and the region strengthening research, technological development and innovation capacity.Strengthening the capacity of recipient countries at all levels to fulfill the obligations arising from the membership in the EU by supporting progressive alignment with the EU acquis and their adoption and implementation, including preparation for managing structural and cohesion funds as well as funds intended for agriculture and rural development.Strengthening of regional and territorial cooperation to help beneficiary countries.3. EFFECTS OF FINANCINGDuring the programming period 2007- 2013, over 80% of the budget of the Cohesion Fund was allocated in the 100 poorest regions, with about 170 million people or one third of the EU population. The remaining 18.5% of the money is distributed to other regions in the Union (http//www.euractiv.com, 2012). harmonize to the European Commission, in the next programming period 2014-2020 less than 70 regio ns will automatically qualify for the funds that are used to finance the convergence, as they have GDP per capita below 75% of the EU average. Regions in transition those who have a GDP per capita between 75% and 90% of the EU average will get less funds, but still can count on continued support from the Structural Funds (http//www.euractiv.com, 2012 ). get in 1 Regions by the development level in the programming periods 2007-2013 and 2014-2020.Source Chalmers Dellmuth, 2014In the 2014-2020 programming period it is expected that 25% of structural funds will be allocated in less developed regions (red in Figure 1), 40% in regions in transition (yellow in Figure 1), and 52% in the developed regions (blue in Figure 1. ). As for the Cohesion Fund, the funds from it will continue to support the development of member countries with GDP per capita of less than 90% of the EU-27 average, but will primarily be allocated to support investments in projects related to environmental protection and the development of transport. Part of the funds from the Cohesion Fund will focus on the financing of transport networks in Europe.Given that the capacity to absorb depends on the institutional factors, both in the EU and in the Member States (Georgescu, 2010 Voinea, et al, 2010), but also on the ability of regional authorities to co-finance projects and provide administrative support (Zaman and Georgescu, 2009), the possible effects of the use of structural funds are difficult to predict.According to the research, structural funds can boost GDP growth in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe from 0.1. to 0.7% per annum (Zaman Georgescu, 2009). Analyses of the effects of the use of the funds in the programming period 2000-2006 give that there has been some reduction in the differences between countries in GDP per capita, while in some regions growth was recorded. Zaman and Georgescu (2009) found that the structural funds boost export growth, and that in some cases, like in Romania, they led to economic growth, despite relatively low absorption capacity.Positive impact was also made in Austria, Belgium and France. However, according to Becker (2012), countries with low levels of education, weak institutions and poor governance did not make equally successful use of the funds. Thus, receiving more support from the Structural Funds does not necessarily mean development. For example, Pisani-Ferry et al (2011) found that inadequate institutional framework in Greece to be a reason for the inability of its government to efficiently use the funds assigned to it.CONCLUSIONTheoretically, objectives of the regional policy of the European Union necessitate the existence of the financial support for the less developed regions to achieve the desired growth. However, in practice, during the distribution and the use of the funds many problems were encountered. Access to funds for underdeveloped regions did not lead to the desired growth, primarily because of the inability of the governments to use the allocated funds due to weakness of the institutions and low capacity. In more developed regions, the effects of the funds were much more significant. Changes in the programming period 2014-2020 are expected to solve part of the problems identified in the previous periods. However, declining return on invested funds and high dependence of a large number of the regions from external funding sources continue to threaten the achievement of the basic objectives that these funds are meant to support.Although raw data show that the Structural Funds have not always been successful in fighting the problems at all levels and in all countries. However, as many people are still unemployed in the EU, and there are full member countries whose GDP is still well below the EU average, the Structural Funds are necessary. The same goes for the Cohesion Fund, as it ensures faster accession of the candidate countries. These funds were designed to reduce the inequa lities in the regional developments, and although they might not have been efficient in all cases, they for certain supported the growth in some regions, provide incentives for other regions to improve their capacity to access the funds and accelerate the growth.REFERENCES Bachtler, J., Begg, I., Charles, D., Polverari, L. (2015) THE LONG TERM ACHIEVEMENTS OF EU ropiness POLICY, 1989-2012. Challanges for he new cohesion policy 2014-2020. Luxembourg Publications Office of the European UnionBecker, S.O.(2012) EU Structural Funds Do They Generate More harvest? dostupno na https//www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/public/Research/International%20Economics/1212bp_becker.pdfBeugelsdijk, M., Eijffinger, S. (2005), The Effectiveness of Structural Policy in the European Union an Empirical Analysis for the EU-15 in 1995-2001, Journal of Common Market Studies 43 37-51.Chalmers, A.W., Dellmuth, L.M. (2014). Whz Europes new cohesion policy is unlikely to enhance effectiveness of EU structural and investments funds. Dostupno na http//councilforeuropeanstudies.org/critcom/why-europes-new-cohesion-policy-is-unlikely-to-enhance-the-effectiveness-of-eu-structural-and-investment-funds/Dellmuth, L.M., Stoffel, M.F. (2012) Distrinutive Politics and intergovernmental transfers the local allocation of European Union Structural Funds. European Union Politics, 13 (3) 413-433ec.europa.eu, dostupno na http//ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/funding/ipa/ preuzeto 3.3.2016.Ederveen, S., de Groot, H. , Nahuis, R. (2006) Fertile Soil for Structural Funds? A Panel selective information Analysis of the Conditional Effectiveness of European Cohesion Policy, Kyklos 59 17-42.European Commission (2012), EU Cohesion Funding Key Statistics, http//ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/thefunds/funding/index_en.cfmEuropean Commission, http//ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/ document/policy/object/index_en.htmGeorgescu, G. (2010). Determinants of increasing EU funds absorption capacity in Romania, Oec onomica Universitatea 1 Decembrie 1918 Alba Iulia (2010) 16.http//ec.europa.eu, 2016, dostupno na http//ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/factsheets/2016/european-structural-and-investment-funds-country-factsheet-croatiahttp//ec.europa.eu, dostupno na http//ec.europa.eu/enlargement/instruments/overview/index_en.htm, preuzeto 3.3.2016.KPMG (2014). cosmos SECTOR EU Funds in Central and Eastern Europe Progress Report 2007-2013. dostupno na https//www.kpmg.com/SI/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/Documents/EU-Funds-in-Central-and-Eastern-Europe.pdfKyriacou, P.A., Rocca-Sagales, O. (2011) The Impact of EU Structural Funds on Regional Disparities within Member States. Environmental Planning C Government and Policy April 2012 vol. 30 no. 2.267-281.Liargovas, P., Petropoulos, S., Tzifakis, N., Huliaras, A. (2016) BEYOND ABSORPTION THE encounter OF EU STRUCTURAL FUNDS ON GREECE. Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung Greecenarr.gov.rs, dostupno na http//narr.gov.rs/index .php/O-regionalnom-razvoju/EU-politika-regionalnog-razvoja/Instrument-za-predpristupnu-pomoc-IPA, preuzeto 3.3.2016.Pejovi, A., Lazovi, M., Miri, O., Kneevi, I. (2014) Vodi kroz IPA, Beograd.Pisani-Ferry, J., Marzinotto, B. , Wolff, G. B. (2011), How European Funds can Help Greece Grow, Financial Times, 28 July.Popa, A. (2012). The Impact of the Structural Funds in the Transformation Process of the New EU Member States, LEurope en Formation 2012/2 (n 364), p. 161-179.Voinea, L.A., Busuioc, A., Popovici, V. (2010). Reindustrializarea Romaniei politici si strategii.Asociatia pentru Studii si Prognoze Economico-Sociale, 113.Zaman, G. and Cristea, A., (2011) EU Structural Funds Absorption in Romania Obstacles and Issues, 2011, Romanian Journal of Economy, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 60-77.Zaman, G., Georgescu,G. (2009) Structural fund adsorption a new challenge for Romania? Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting 1 (2009) 136.