United Nations Millennium Goal Essay -- World Issues, Interventions

Target C of the seventh United Nations Millennium Development Goal is to halve, by 2015, the proportion of the population without sustainable access to safe drinking pissing and basic sanitation (UN, 2000). With our current model of sanitation, the flush toilet, we are simply otiose to provide sanitation to everyone as the flush toilets are grossly inefficient, requiring large amounts of water and sewer infrastructure to function, two things increasing hard to possess in the developing world (Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 2011). This lack of possession leads to defecation and urination into unsafe sources, such as nearby streams and rivers which also provide drinking water for these people. The unsafe urination and defecation increases the incidence of fecal-oral contamination and occurrences of other communicable unhealthinesss. It also forces the poor villagers to walk farther in search of uncontaminated water sources.Interventions and the overhaul of the sanitation syst em can bring about many positive changes in developing countries where present knowledge and present development of sanitation is poor. Optimum benefit from water sanitation interventions can be achieved if the communities are made aware of the links between hygiene practices, poor sanitation, polluted water, and disease (UNHRC, 2011). The redevelopment of the sanitation system is essential for the third world countries however, the spheric community must overcome challenges before execution of instrument to ensure lasting success.The redevelopment of the sanitation system, particularly the reinvention of the toilet is an efficient and significant counsel of improving health and hygiene, and womens education and personal safety. Currently, 40% of the worlds populati... ...blem of implementation by spending more money on education and actual procurement of the reinvented toilets rather than the administration. It is great to take the increased education of the developing nation to our advantage by using the school children to spread the message about sanitation to their families and deep into their communities. School Environment and Sanitation and Rural India states that The best way to break bad practices is to cultivate good practices and childhood is the best time for that as children are receptive to all influences (Majra and Gur, 2010). From these two suggestions for implementation, it seems very logical that the global community should focus on providing access to proper sanitation facilities at schools and on providing water, hygiene, and environment education at primary schools to further spread the reinvented toilet.

David Suzukis A Planet For The Taking :: essays research papers

David Suzukis A satellite for the Taking     In the essay "A Planet for the Taking," David Suzuki describesCanadians odd appreciation for this colossal natural bounty we call our own. Heis an internationally acclaimed scientist who is concerned about the welfare ofCanada. Suzukis intended audience is the Canadian universe that does notrealize the grave danger they are instilling upon themselves by haphazardlytaking our resources without looking at the subsequent repercussions of theiractions. The essay is persuasive and informative. He compares various facetsof science and gives reasons why none of these fields can explain why we aredestroying nature.     The organization of the essay supports the authors views well. Itbegins with general opinions about the Canadian population and is followed bymore detailed explanations. The general opinions in the beginning are well-chosen considering the audience. Suzukis tone is evident when he states "Wehave both a spirit of the importance of the wilderness and space in our cultureand an attitude that it is limitless and thitherfore we neednt worry." Thesewords suggest that we are willing to reap the rewards of our vast resources entirelywe fail to see the harm that we are doing, and will continue to do if we do notstop these actions.     Although his approach for explaining his beliefs changes, Suzukis toneof great concern trunk consistent throughout the essay. After his views arepresented, Suzuki begins to tell us what we have done to our country and how weare destroying it. Present day Canadians are compared to native Canadians whichsuccessfully serves its purpose in illustrating how, for centuries, people livedoff the natural resources in Canada. With the development of science andtechnology, we have developed better ways of mass harvesting resources however thesemethods are taking at a faster rate than nature can sustain. Science sugge stsmeans of replacing these resources we are taking but there is no quickreplacement for ecosystems that have taken thousands of years to evolve.     Following his explanations of how we have destroyed nature, Suzukidiscusses science and how society deals with it, "I believe that in lifesize partour problems rest on our cartel in the power of science and technology." Thisstatement and the following sentences are used to describe how people deal withgreat developments in science and technology. Because there have been so manygreat advances in these fields in the past century, people are comfortableplacing their faith in science though scientists are still far from discoveringall of the secrets to the universe. Scientists interfere with nature without

The Negative Impact of Industrialization on Children in Mahews The Watercress Girl :: Watercress Girl Essays

The Negative Impact of Industrialization on Children in Mahews The Watercress GirlThe jump on of Industrialization brought about many enlightening changes to urban society. The technical innovations of the machine age and the inventions of mass transit (railroad) brought people in droves to the cities, forcing crowded unsanitary conditions. The increase need for workers put women and children into the workforce, providing cheap labor, but resulting in inhumane working conditions and some of the worst evils of the factory system, in which workers, including children, toilight-emitting diode for up to sixteen hours a day, six age a week, under inhuman conditions deafening noise, poor ventilation, dangerous machinery... (Longman, p. 1818). Even though the industrial revolution brought about more jobs, periodic economic depressions resulted in unemployment. (Longman, p. 1819)The suffering of the children was by far the worst of societys ills. Henry Mahews four volume London Labour and the London Poor (1851) depicts the plight of the common people in the aftermath of the industrialization of Londons society. He interviewed hundreds of Londons poor and gave voice to the forgotten workers, particularly the children, who earned meager subsistence from hawking goods, begging, performing, and providing various services, from running errands to prostitution. (Longman, p. 1838)The Watercress Girl is an rate from Henry Mahews four volume works. It symbolizes the harsh reality of child labor and the pathetic conditions in which many of the poor lived. The watercress girl, as many of the urban poor children, had lived in her short life such conditions as to virtually have no childhood. She skipped those years and went straight into womanhood, by virtue of all that she had through with(p) and seen, ..although only eight years of age, had entirely lost all childish ways, and was, indeed, in thoughts and manner, a woman. (Longman, p. 1838) Other references indicate that she was far beyond her years, that the life she had led thus far had aged her considerably, her little face, pale and thin with privation, was wrinkled where the dimples ought to have been, and she would sigh frequently. (Longman, p. 1838)The children of this time did not have the leisure to enjoy their youth. intemperately times, starvation, crowded conditions prevented children from their inherent right to youth. Frequently, children too young to work in the factories took care of even younger children, before that, I had to take care of a baby for my aunt.

completing college the easy way :: essays research papers

Completing our education is a goal many of us share. Finding the time to juggle classes, family life and a job bets to be the impenetrable part. In todays growing corporate world, more and more people are expanding their education. Searching to obtain a high level of education, online classes seem to be the wave of the future. The growths in the technology field make achieving our goals seem almost too easy to be true.Traditional schools offer many reading opportunities, not only to the young, precisely also to the adults looking to move forward with their careers. Many adults head off to college, hoping to reach personal goals by obtaining a higher level of education. With this goal in mind, many are looking for job opportunities.Higher levels of learning bring an achievement of not only personal goals, but also many gain financial opportunities that come with having a degree. Organizations are hiring individuals with educational backgrounds, to benefit their company. Having a high school degree in these changing times is not a big enough asset anymore.Online learning is quickly becoming the wave of the future. Many traditional colleges are quickly adding online courses to mention in demand. Modern technology enables us to receive our education with out leaving our home or jobs. Todays computers are holding mountainous amounts of information making, those days of lugging books back and forth to the library a thing of the past.Completing our jobs, taking care of families and now attending classes via the Internet makes college more delightful to many individuals. Attending a class when it is convenient to ones schedule is creating an environment of educated adults who are benefiting the companies they work for.

Led Zeppelins Houses of the Holy :: Led Zeppelin Rock N Roll Bands Essays

Led Zeppelins Houses of the HolyLed Zeppelin is arguably one of the best rock n roll bands of all time. They were jointly some of the best musicians ever to play rock n roll music, and were also great lyricists. Robert Plant (the lead vocalist) was quoted as saying that for some of the songs that he wrote, he felt that someone pushed the pen for him. Whether some mysterious force was moving his hand or not, one things for sure, Led Zeppelin wrote some never-ending masterpieces of music. They were formed from the ashes of British blues-rockers the Yardbirds. Jimmy Page (Led Zeppelins official founder) started off as the bassist for the Yardbirds, but eventually moved on to play electric guitar for the band. In 1968 the Yardbirds bust up leaving Jimmy Page the rights to the band. Jimmy went out looking to start a new group and found charismatic vocalist Robert Plant, Roberts nearly friend and explosive drummer John Bonham, and already famous bass guitar player John Paul Jones. The group hit it off and did a some shows in England before renaming the band Led Zeppelin.Somewhat a mysterious band, Led Zeppelin rarely did interviews and did not talk much to the press. For these reasons much of the press did not like them. However, their fans loved them. Led Zeppelin established a strong fan base by means of intense touring from the start of the groups formation. With this intense touring came a trade of temptation. Led Zeppelin indulged in heavy drug and alcohol abuse as well as a lot of sex with groupies, especially American groupies. Their regimen of intense partying would eventually cause the band problems and inevitably lead to the bands undoing with the death of drummer John Bonham. I timber that Led Zeppelin could have been much more than. To many Led Zeppelin fans that might sound crazy, but I truly feel that they had much more to offer the world than they ever got to give. The reason I say this is because they really didnt have a long career and within a 5 or 6 years of forming the band they started having misfortune and tragedy such as the death of Robert Plants son, Roberts car accident (which interfered with his touring and ability to perform for a few years), John Bonhams excessive alcohol use, and Jimmy Pages heroin addiction that obviously interfered with their touring and songwriting.

Hidden Fraud in Trollope’s The Way We Live Now :: Literature Fortune Papers

Hidden Fraud in Trollopes The Way We Live NowHamilton K. Fisker supplies the impetus for rolling Augustus Melmotte onwards into almost unprecedented commercial-grade greatness (Trollope 1.324). While his character occupies very little narrative space, Fisker functions as the catalyst which sets the novels financial ventures in motion Melmotte rolls because Fisker has pushed. Not barely does Fisker bring the Great South Central Pacific and Mexican Railway (or at least the prospectus) to England, alone he also delimits the board members role in the venture. He places Melmotte, the novels great financier, in charge and repels capital of Minnesota Montagues desire to involve himself as an active director in the lines daily operations (1.217). Fisker rejects Pauls attempt to oversee the Mexican Railroads actualization by arguing that building railway lines does not concern an investor such as Paul But Fisker got the better of him and put him down. Fortune what fortune had eith er of us? A hardly a(prenominal) poor thousands of dollars not worth talking of, and barely sufficient to enable a man to look at an enterprise. And now where are you? look here, sir theres more to be got out of the smashing up of such an affair as this, if it should smash up, than could be made by years of hard fiddle out of such fortunes as yours and mine in the regular way of trade. Paul Montague certainly did not love Mr Fisker personally, nor did he relish his commercial doctrines but he allowed himself to be carried away by them. (1.85) If Fiskers momentum rolls Melmotte, it carries away Paul, and the force of Fiskers rhetoric subjugates Paul to his commercial doctrines Fisker put him down. Fisker gets the better of Paul by making speech subservient to lucrative economic principles. He does not want Paul to enforce honest practices in the railroads financial transactions. Fiskers first commercial doctrine, then, declares that we should consider small investor s not worth talking of. Since small, individual investments financed the majority of English railway ventures in squared-toe England (Robb 36), Fisker essentially declares that the Mexican Railways investors should not receive any narrative attention. Even though Paul does not love Fisker or revere him personally, Fiskers dominant narrative carries him away. Similarly, even though The Way We Live Now cynically satirizes fraudulent business practices, Trollope takes Fiskers declaration that a few thousand dollars are not worth talking of to heart.

Hidden Fraud in Trollope’s The Way We Live Now :: Literature Fortune Papers

Hidden Fraud in Trollopes The Way We Live in a flashHamilton K. Fisker supplies the impetus for rolling Augustus Melmotte onwards into almost unprecedented commercial greatness (Trollope 1.324). While his character occupies very little narrative space, Fisker functions as the catalyst which sets the impertinents financial ventures in motion Melmotte rolls because Fisker has pushed. Not only does Fisker bring the Great South Central Pacific and Mexican Railway (or at to the lowest degree the prospectus) to England, but he also delimits the board members role in the venture. He places Melmotte, the novels great financier, in charge and repels Paul Montagues entrust to involve himself as an active director in the railroads daily operations (1.217). Fisker rejects Pauls attempt to oversee the Mexican railroad lines actualization by arguing that building railway lines does not concern an investor such as Paul But Fisker got the better of him and put him down. lot what fortune had either of us? A few beggarly thousands of dollars not worth talk of the town of, and barely sufficient to enable a man to number at an enterprise. And now where are you? look here, sir theres more to be got out of the operating costing up of such an affair as this, if it should smash up, than could be made by years of hard work out of such fortunes as yours and mine in the regular way of trade. Paul Montague surely did not love Mr Fisker personally, nor did he relish his commercial doctrines but he allowed himself to be carried away by them. (1.85) If Fiskers momentum rolls Melmotte, it carries away Paul, and the force of Fiskers rhetoric subjugates Paul to his commercial doctrines Fisker put him down. Fisker gets the better of Paul by making speech subservient to lucrative economic principles. He does not indispensability Paul to enforce honest practices in the railroads financial transactions. Fiskers first commercial doctrine, then, declares that we shoul d consider small investors not worth talking of. Since small, individual investments financed the majority of English railway ventures in Victorian England (Robb 36), Fisker essentially declares that the Mexican Railways investors should not receive any narrative attention. unconstipated though Paul does not love Fisker or respect him personally, Fiskers dominant narrative carries him away. Similarly, even though The Way We Live Now cynically satirizes fraudulent business practices, Trollope takes Fiskers declaration that a few thousand dollars are not worth talking of to heart.

Assessment of Students’ Satisfaction on the Restructured Essay

1.0 IntroductionAt the University of Ghana there atomic number 18 reports that cortege originally built to take 2 students, are now officially al rigid to five students (after minor modifications), but unofficially occupied by as many as eight or ennead to the knowledge of the university authorities Apart from the obvious hygiene and health hazards posed, what kind of ambience does this provide for think over after classes? All of which fix brought most African universities to a state of serious deterioration. This is evident non only to those who work or reputation in those universities but to even the most casual visitor. (Association of African Universities, 2004) Housing is a basic human need in all societies and fundamental right of either individual. In advanced countries, hold is more complaisant to all categories of slew including the poor and the needy as a result of subsidies from the government. The situation is non the same in developing countries of the w orld.In Ghana, for example, accessibility to lodgment by the poor is quite a difficult situation which is worsened by the harsh economic conditions and poor enabling purlieu. Likewise, accessing housing facilities by Ghanese students at the university is no exception, especially where such university happens to be the dream destination of most Ghanaians entering into tertiary institution. In tertiary institutions worldwide, the provision of modification to the students state takes different models.This includes non-residential, where students source for their own accommodation. Residential, where the university houses all its students and dual-residential, where the university houses its student population for a peak of time only, probably the first and final year, while the students during the rebrinying period source for their own accommodations. The experiences of students in tertiary institutions in sourcing and securing for their own accommodation around university commun ities are likely to be interesting and significant. However, it is worthy noting that, University of Ghana, the nations premier university has gone through a series of development when it comes to how to accommodate its students, both infragraduates and postgraduates.1.1 Research problemUniversity of Ghana has undergone a series of reforms when it comes to the residential polity for its students. The ever increasing build of enrollees in the institution is what defines this restructuring of the policy governing students accommodation over time. In the past two years what the incumbent criminality chancellor of the university term as Decongestion has taken place in anticipation to the fulfillment of the university achieving efficiency in its field of operation. The drive has also been fast introduce by his informal goal that the university should deliver the goods a world-class status. Effective August, 2011, the university effectively implemented its decongestion policy all ocating rooms to a maximum of three (3) students and quad (4) students in the main houses and annexes respectively.This was done to address the problems of overcrowding that resulted in adverse personal effectuate of poor sanitation, pressure on residential utilities such as reading rooms and libraries, kitchen and washrooms, among other poor conditions for effective personal studies by students. Residential facilities have been increased to draw in the policy successful. Even though, the problem of inadequate accommodation for students is not entirely solved, the restructuring have been effective since its implementation, and it is worth investigating the effects of the new policy, whether it has achieved its goal or it is towards achieving its intended goal or otherwise. 1.2 Purpose of the studyThe main reason why this research is being conducted is to evaluate the pleasure of students with the current students residential policy and its effects on their studies.1.3 Objective s of the studySpecific objectives of the study are as follows1. To assess students perception of sanitation in the halls/ clubs now. 2. To assess students perception of credentials in the halls/hostels now. 3. To investigate students accessibility to some basic hall/hostel utilities.1.4 Research Questions1. What is students perception of sanitation in the halls/hostels now? 2. What is students perception of security and comfort in the halls/hostels now? 3. What is the accessibility status of students to basic halls/hostels utilities now?1.5 relevance of the studyAs a top university in Ghana and Africa and one which is striving to attain a world class status, adequate facilities should be provided and already existing ones improved, especially standards of function and facilities which include providing conducive on-campus student housing facility. The above research provides the grounding for this study and highlights the areas of new knowledge which are call for to focalisatio n upon students merriment of residential facilities in University of Ghana. A key question is what is the level of students ecstasy with regards to the students housing facility (superhigh frequency) in the context of University of Ghana?The study contributes to a better understanding of SRS of UG. The results offer valu open feedback to the university authorities, facility managers and university hostel/hall administrators in terms of the present standards or the need for further melioration of the SHF through effective points and management. The results will help to formulate guidelines in terms of allocation of rooms to students, maintenance and for future developments of student housing ensuring that the university is able to provide adequate and contemporary on-campus SHF.2.0 Literature Review2.1 IntroductionThis section reviews existing literature on the student residential facilities. It is mainly made up of previous studies, journals, articles, periodicals amongst other sources. They form the aidary source of data to the study.2.2 The Concept of Student Residential FacilityStudent housing has long been regarded as an inseparable component of the facilities provided by the higher learning institutions in assisting students to expand their intellectual capabilities. According to Hassanain (2008), well planned student housing facilities (SHF) promote desirable educational outcomes and help to achieve the broader objectives such as social cohesion and prudent citizenship. An earlier study by Zahran (1972) reveals that a good student housing promotes interactions amid roommates of different backgrounds and specializations and thus broadens the students knowledge. Amole (2005) argues that facilities such as study areas or meeting places for academic discussions and social gatherings provided in the student housing will encourage informal intellectual activities outside the students own faculties. Price et al. (2003) related student interpersonal grow th to adequate facilities and Fay (1981) highlighted the importance of students mirth in the SHF as a strategy to enhance student development.Despite the importance of SHF, little literature is available to evaluate student opinions of their housing facilities. Most studies on post-occupancy evaluation focus on family housing either public or close residences, investigating the interaction between owner-occupiers or tenants and their housing settings. Majority of these studies utilized the concept of housing satisfaction when evaluating the interactions between the residents and their somatogenetic environment (Amole, 2009b). Arguing that housing satisfaction can lead towards improving individuals persona of life story, Salleh (2008) investigates dwelling, housing services and neighbourhood factors that sour the residents of private low-cost housing in Malaysia. The study revealed that the residents are more satisfied with their dwelling units and housing services if compared to their neighbourhood facilities. Elsinga and Hoekstra (2005) study housing satisfaction among European communities and find out that except in Austria, homeowners are more satisfied than the tenants because homeownership provides security, freedom and financial benefits.In contrast, James (2008) analyses the influence of age and pillow slip of ownership on the level of satisfaction and establishes that tenant satisfaction increases with the age at a much faster rate than the type of homeownership. However, student housing and family housing are not the same. Student housing comprises of basic bedroom units with other shared facilities such as bathrooms, toilets, laun run dry, kitchens, common lounges and cafeterias located either per floor level, per block or for the whole student housing accommodation (Amole, 2009a). On the contrary, the basic unit for family housing is a house which includes bedrooms, bathrooms, toilets and a living area all as part of the unit with other housi ng facilities such as playground, shops and school at the neighbourhood (Parkes et al., 2002). In addition, student housing offers limited security of ownership and freedom if compared to family housing.Therefore, the above findings may not apply in the context of student housing. Studies on residential satisfaction (RS) from the student perspective are mostly focused on factors affecting RS such as reasons for students to mention their previous residence (Cleave, 1996) and predictors of student residential satisfaction (SRS) (Foubert et al., 1998 Khozaei et al., 2010b). There are also studies on student housing with narrower scopes such as the effects of floor height on over-crowding (Kaya and Erkip, 2001) students perceptions on indoor(prenominal) comfort (Dahlan et al., 2009) students sense of auxiliary with a particular student housing (Khozaei et al., 2010a) coping strategies for students staying in student housing (Amole, 2005) and the relationship between satisfaction and levels of environment (Amole, 2009b).These studies offer little guidance as to whether the students are satisfied with SHF provided. Among the limited studies on SRS are studies by Amole (2007, 2009a), Hassanain (2008) and Radder and Han (2009). Amole (2007, 2009a) investigates RS among students in Nigeria and the findings indicated a low satisfaction with the SHF provided. Radder and Han (2009) researched student satisfaction levels in South Africa and the findings indicated again a level of dissatisfaction with campus residences. Alternatively, Hassanain (2008) found that students in Saudi Arabia indicated a level of satisfaction with the SHF provided. However, the studies were conducted in countries where the culture and climate are different from that experienced in the Southeast Asia region, which is likely to affect the perceived environment of the built environment. Therefore, the results of the studies may not be applicable to the study context.2.3 Evolution of the accommoda tion structureOriginally, halls in the university were built to accommodate two students per room. This provision was adequate for students because not many people sought for higher education. However, as the population of Ghana increased and the need to seek higher education became prominent in the country, the number students enrolled each academic year increased rapidly as well. Residential facilities were increased and expanded to accommodate the ever increasing number of student intake which demanded restructuring of student residential policy give the limited resources the university had. In the midst of the reforms, beyond the expansion and modification of the original rooms to accommodate two persons at a time, the number increased to five (5) in a room officially, both in the main halls and the annexes.The continuous increase in the student intake amidst the unexpanded residential facilities meant that, not all students could be accommodated on campus, therefore, private h ostels began to spring up to absorb the excess students who could not secure accommodation on campus. The private hostels motivation to make profit meant that they charge high prices which were unbearable by many students. This brought about one of the prominent terms that everyone who has passed through the four walls of the University of Ghana is popular with Perching.2.4 The protrude of PerchingThe word connotes students who illegally share residential facilities with official occupants of a room. This resulted in overcrowding in the halls, putting extreme pressure on washrooms, reading rooms, hall libraries, dry lines, among other facilities that were originally constructed for two people. This was happening who many reforms were going on. The two most popular reforms were the in-out-out-in and the in-out-out-out policies. The former meant that, all first year students were qualified for accommodation on campus, this qualification did not mean smart allocation of rooms to fres hmen but allocation was subject balloting for a YES or NO and certify and third year students were to look for their own accommodation.Under this policy, final year students like first year students also qualified to be accommodated on campus it is however, worth noting that, even for the final year students, because of the limited number of rooms available, allocation of rooms was also done via balloting a yes or no by students. The latter policy, in-out-out-out raised a lot of eyebrows as it meant that only first year students were offered accommodation on campus. And for this policy allocation to level 100 students was automatic and assured. With this policy in place the problem of perching worsened. The official number of occupants in a room almost doubled for almost all the halls of residence. The adverse effects of poor situation pretendd a lot of problems poor sanitation, insecurity, discomfort, which had direct impact on students health, hygiene, and efficiency.2.5 The cur rent residential policyThe University of Ghana Hostels with a capacity of 26000 beds, which was to be built at the University of Ghana, Legon, with partnership between the university and six banks was a dream come alive as long as finding a solving to the perennial problem of accommodation in our public universities is concerned this was an assertion made by professor C. N. B. Tagoe, Vice Chancellor of the university of Ghana (GhanaWeb, 2008). From the above parameter I would to acknowledge the Contingency theory one of the prominent schools under the Open Systems perspective of Organizations. This theory as a branch of systems design emphasizes that design decisions are dependent on environmental conditions. Contingency theory is guided by the general orienting hypothesis that organizations whose internal features match the demands of their environments will achieve the best adaptation.Lawrence and Lorsch (1967), who coined the label contingency theory, argue that different envi ronments place differing requirements on organizations. In a recent review article, Lawrence (1993) provides a partial constitute of factors that one or another theorist has considered important. They include size or scale, technology, geography, uncertainty, individual predispositions of participants, resource dependency, national or cultural differences, scope and organizational life cycle. With concentration on the resource dependency factor, it is indicative that, the adaptation and realization of the said solution was heavily contingent on the provision of financial resources by the six banks which are external to the organization.As the resources from the external environment was provided by the six banks, the expansion of the residential facilities have been a reality indeed, making it manageable to establish four different hostels which accommodates about 7, 120 students. It is a combination of these factors that made it possible for the decongestion exercise in the five t raditional halls feasible. Currently, some of the hostels have been restructured into halls and run as the traditional halls. The standard rooms accommodate four (4) persons as the annexes do. With other stringent measures put in place to control perching it is believed that, the purpose for which this restructuring was done is being worked towards. It must be stated categorically that, the main reason for this exercise is to improve students efficiency in the university.2.6 manses of Residence/HostelsThe University believes in confederacy living as an essential part of student life. It is therefore primarily residential, providing accommodation in manses of Residence for both undergraduate and post-graduate students as well as flats and guest rooms for senior members and guests. There are five halls of residence (available to all students) and several Hostels. The present signs and Hostels are as follows Each mansion house consists of secondary members (students) and senior m embers (academic and senior administrative and professional staff), and is managed by a Council comprising members pick out by persons belonging to the Hall. The Master (or Warden in the case of Volta Hall) is the Head of the Hall. Each Hall has Junior and Senior Common rooms for students and Faculty, respectively. A tutorial system offers an opportunity for counseling students and ensuring their welfare at both academic and social levels. Students maintain interaction with each other and the wider community through recognized clubs and societies. Each Hall has a kitchen and a dining hall to cater for students feeding. Chapels and a mosque are also available for use by various religious denominations. A Chaplaincy Board co-ordinate the activities of religious groups.Social life on the campus is organise mainly by the Students Representative Council and the Junior Common Room Committees which provide various kinds of social programmes. LEGON HALL Legon Hall was the first to be bui lt on the permanent site of the University of Ghana at Legon and is, therefore, the Premier Hall of the University. Its foundation tablet was laid during the Michaelmas stipulation of 1951 and, in September 1952, the first undergraduates were accepted into residence. On Trinity Sunday, 31st May 1953, the first service was held in the Chapel and the first meal served in the Dining Hall. From these events, the Hall took Trinity Sunday every year as its birthday, celebrated by a common Feast for both its Junior and Senior Members. The Halls motto, Cui Datum (To whom much is given), was selected from St. Lukes Gospel, in recognition of the special responsibility attached to the Halls seniority. Senior Members of the University may be assigned as Fellows of the Hall by the Vice Chancellor and they usually keep their Fellowship for as long as they remain with the University. Persons of academic distinction outside the University may be elected as Honorary Fellows at a General Meeting of Fellows.The rest of the membership of the Hall is made up of persons in statu pupillari. The governing body of the Hall is the Hall Council, members of which are Fellows of the Hall. The principal Hall Officers are The Master, the Vice-Master, the President of the Senior Common Room, the Senior Tutor, and the Hall Bursar. AKUAFO HALL Akuafo Hall was established with the appointment of professor D.A. Taylor, a Master-designate and a Hall Council in 1953. The Hall Council in 1954 decided to name the Hall Akuafo to commemorate the generous gesture of the farmers of Ghana in enceinte money for the foundation of the University College. A crest which depicts a cocoa tree, an open book and a drum, designed by Professor W.J. McCallien, and a motto, laboremus et sapiamus, suggested by Professor L.H. Ofosu-Appiah, were adopted by the Council.A commemorative plaque with a Latin inscription composed by Professor L.H. Ofosu-Appiah was set up to show the gratitude of the Hall to the farmers of the country and to the British Government who gave the University College funds for the building of the Hall. The Hall was officially opened on 17 February, 1956, but the first students, numbering 131, came into residence on the 5th October, 1955. The Hall has its own statutes governing the election of officers and the government activity of its affairs. Once a year, the Master has to convene a meeting of the Fellows, who form the governing body, to gain his annual report. The Senior Common Room is open to all Fellows and their guests, and the Senior Combination Room to all senior members of the University. Senior Members may also lure students to the Combination Room.COMMONWEALTH HALL The first batch of students was admitted into residence in Commonwealth Hall at the beginning of the 1956-1957 academic year. In the Lent Term of that academic year, Ghana attained its independence from Great Britain, and the Hall, hitherto known as the Third Hall, was officially christened Commonw ealth Hall to commemorate Ghanas admission into the Commonwealth of Nations. The official opening of the Hall was performed in March, 1957. It is, so far, the only all-male Hall of Residence in the University. The motto of the Hall, Truth Stands, was taken from a quotation from Satyre by John Donne (1572-1631) On a huge hill, cragged, and steep,Truth stands and hee that will Reach her, about must, and about must goe This motto combines both the physical situation of the Hall (on a hillside overlooking most of the University and beyond) and the proper pursuit of a University education, the search for truth. It is the only Hall of Residence in the University which has a force field and Amphitheatre for lectures and plays. The Coat of Arms of the Hall depicts the strength and unity of purpose of members of the Hall deriving from the bonds of association enjoyed by the individual members of the Hall. High Commissioners of the Commonwealth countries in Ghana are accorded Honorary Member ship of the Hall. There is a Hall Council which administers the affairs of the Hall, assisted by the Tutorial Board and the Senior Common Room Committee. VOLTA HALL Volta Hall started as the Fourth Hall in the 1959-60 academic year, on 16th November, 1960.The University College Council, on the recommendation of the Hall Council, named it Volta Hall. The Hall consists of the main hall originally designed to accommodate 82 students, and an annex with an original capacity for accommodating 198 students, the occupation of which began in January 1966. The motto of the Hall, chosen during the Halls tenth day of remembrance celebrations, is in the Akan language and it is Akokobere Nso Nyim Adekyee. This means that the secret or knowledge of life and nature is a gift to women as it is to men. The Hall has a governing Body which comprises all the Fellows assigned to it and those elected by the assigned Fellows. The government of the Hall rests with this body which delegates some of its powe rs to a Hall Council. The Hall Council consists of ten members, including the Warden, the proxy Warden, the Senior Tutor and the Bursar who are ex-officio members.The day-to-day administration of the Hall is carried out by the Warden with the help of the Senior Tutor, who deals with all students affairs, and the Bursar. MENSAH SARBAH HALL Mensah Sarbah Hall, the fifth Hall of the University, stands in the southern part of the campus. The Hall consists of a main Hall built around a quadrangle and a number of Annexes standing to the north and east. The survive two south annexes are attached to the Hall. Until October 1991, Mensah Sarbah was the only co-ed Hall of Residence in the University, which made it quite unique among the Halls. The governing body of the Hall is the Council, which is responsible to the full body of Fellows who form the Senate. Students affairs are handled by students own elected government headed by a President, while the general administration of the Hall is under the Master who is assisted by the Senior Tutor and Tutors on the one hand and the Bursar on the other. Other Hall Officers are the Chaplain, who is responsible for the Roman Catholic Chapel, the Prayer Room Warden, who is responsible for the Protestant Chapel, and the Librarian. Senior Common Room affairs are managed by an elected committee under the President of the Senior Common Room.The Hall is named after the famous Ghanaian jurist, writer and statesman, John Mensah Sarbah of Cape Coast. It has been customary for the Hall to celebrate the birthday anniversary of this great man every year. This anniversary is known as Sarbah Day and is highlighted by a dinner and a get-together. The Hall has a crest designed to bring out the principal features of Mensah Sarbahs life. It consists of three elements a pair of scales, a stool with a book resting upon it, and a hill surmounted by a castle. The scale signifies the legal profession, the stool and the book symbolise culture while t he hill and the castle are intended to depict the familiar landscape of Cape Coast with its many hills and forts. At the same time, the castle is intended to symbolise strength and honour. The Halls motto is Knowledge, Honour, Service three rowing which aptly summarise the guiding principles of Mensah Sarbahs life. VALCO TRUST HOSTELS The idea to build a graduate hostel was first nurtured when Legon Hall Annex C was inclined(p) exclusively for graduate students of the Hall. The quest for a suitable accommodation for graduate students gained attention when Valco Trust Fund offered to finance the construction of a graduate hostel.As a further boost to this course, Legon Hall Annex C was converted into an Annex of the Hostel. The Valco Trust Hostel, donated to the University by the Valco Trust Fund to ease pressure on student accommodation, is a block of purpose-built, self-contained flats for 190 students. The Hostel, which was completed in June 1997, is the Universitys first host el for graduate students. A second block with convertible facilities was opened in January 2006. Located behind Mensah Sarbah Hall on the southern part of the campus, the flats are arranged in single and double study bedrooms with en suite shower and toilet. There is a shared kitchen for every twelve rooms.Facilities in the hostels include common rooms, washrooms and a restaurant. INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS HOSTELS The International Students Hostels are located on the southern part of the campus off the road to the Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research. For a long time, it had been the dream of the University of Ghana to create and strengthen links with other universities in order to enhance the international student presence on campus. The first phase was commissioned in June 1999 and the second in January 2006. The Hostels are co-educational and each has 43 single rooms and 85 double rooms. In addition, there are facilities such as a well-fortified security system, kitchene ttes and restaurants.REFERENCESAmole, D. (2005),Coping strategies for living in student residential facilities in Nigeria, Environment and Behaviour, Vol. 37, pp. 201-19.Amole, D. (2009b),Residential satisfaction in students housing, daybook of Environment Psychology, Vol. 29, pp. 76-85.Association of African Universities (2004), Challenges Facing African Universities Selected Issues, African Studies Review (2004) Vol. 47, No. 1, 1-59Dahlan, N., Jones, P., Alexander, D., Salleh, E. and Alias, J. (2009),Evidence base prioritization of indoor comfort perceptions in Malaysian typical multi-storey hostels, Building and Environment, pp. 2158-65.Elsinga, M. and Hoekstra, J. (2005),Homeownership and housing satisfaction, Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, Vol. 20, pp. 401-24.Fay, G. (1981),A model for reviewing growth environments, Journal of College and University Student Housing, Vol. 11 No. 1, pp. 46-7.Foubert, J.D., Tepper, R. and Morrison, D.R. (1998),Predictors of student satisfaction in university residence halls, Journal of College and University Student Housing, Vol. 21No. 1, pp. 41-6.Hassanain, M.A. (2008),On the performance evaluation of sustainable student housing facilities, Journal of Facilities Management, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 212-25.James, R.N. (2008), Residential satisfaction of elderly tenants in flat tire housing, Social Indicators Research, Vol. 89, pp. 421-37.James, R.N. (2008), Residential satisfaction of elderly tenants in apartmenthousing, Social Indicators Research, Vol. 89, pp. 421-37.Kaya, N. and Erkip, F. (2001), Satisfaction in a dormitory building the effects of floor height on the perception of room size and crowding, Environment & Behavior, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 35-53.Khozaei, F., Hassan, A.S. and Khozaei, Z. (2010a), Undergraduate students satisfaction with hostel and sense of attachment to place case study of universiti sains Malaysia, American Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Vol. 3 No. 3, pp. 516-20.Lawrence, Pau l R. and Jay W. Lorsch. (1967)Organization and environment Boston Harvard University, Division of Research, ammonium alum School of Business Administration.Parkes, A., Kearns, A. and Atkinson, R. (2002), What makes people dissatisfied with their neighbourhoods?, Urban Studies, Vol. 39 No. 13, pp. 2413-38. Price, I., Matzdorf, F., Smith, L. and Agahi, H. (2003),The impact of facilities on student choice of university, Facilities, Vol. 21 No. 10, pp. 212-22.Radder, L. and Han, X. (2009), Service quality of on-campus student housing a South African experience, The International Business & Economics Research Journal, Vol. 8 No. 11, pp. 107-19.Salleh, A.G. (2008),Neighbourhood factors in private low-cost housing in Malaysia, Habitat International, Vol. 32, pp. 485-93.www.ghanaweb.com, (Tuesday, 8th January, 2008) retrieved on 4th October, 2012.www.ug.edu.gh (2012) retrieved on 10th October, 2012www.ug.edu.gh (2012) retrieved on 2nd November, 2012www.ug.edu.gh (2012) retrieved on 5th Nov ember, 2012

Carl Jung Theory

Jungs theory divides the psyche into three qualitys. The first is the ego, which Jung identifies with the conscious mind. Closely related is the private unconscious, which embarrasss anything that is non presently conscious, unless pile be. The personal unconscious is resembling more or less volumes downstairsstanding of the unconscious in that it includes both memories that ar easily brought to mind and those that sustain been suppressed for somewhat reason. But it does not include the instincts that Freud would gull it include.But then Jung adds the part of the psyche that makes his theory stand turn out from all new(prenominal)s the corporal unconscious. You could call it your psychic inheritance. It is the reservoir of our experiences as a species, a kind of knowledge we are all born with. And yet we can never be directly conscious of it. It influences all of our experiences and behaviors, most especially the emotional ones, but we only know about it indirectly , by looking at those influences. at that place are some experiences that show the effects of the corporate unconscious more clearly than opposites The experiences of love at first sight, of deja vu (the feeling that youve been here before), and the immediate recognition of certain symbols and the meanings of certain myths, could all be unsounded as the sudden conjunction of our outer real(a)ity and the inner reality of the collective unconscious.Grander examples are the creative experiences shared by artists and musicians all over the knowledge domain and in all times, or the ghostly experiences of mystics of all religions, or the parallels in dreams, fantasies, mythologies, fairy tales, and literature. A nice example that has been greatly discussed recently is the near-death experience. It seems that numerous people, of many different cultural backgrounds, find that they have very(prenominal) similar recollections when they are brought back from a close encounter with dea th.They speak of leaving their bodies, seeing their bodies and the events adjoin them clearly, of being pulled through a long tunnel towards a bright light, of seeing deceased relatives or religious figures waiting for them, and of their disappointment at having to sacrifice this happy scene to return to their bodies. Perhaps we are all built to experience death in this fashion. Archetypes The contents of the collective unconscious are called fenders. Jung also called them dominants, imagos, mythological or primordial images, and a few other names, but pilot films seem to have won out over these.An archetype is an unlearned mark to experience things in a certain look. The archetype has no form of its testify, but it acts as an organizing principle on the things we see or do. It works the way that instincts work in Freuds theory At first, the baby skilful wants something to eat, without knowing what it wants. It has a rather indefinite yearning, which, nevertheless, can be s atisfied by some things and not by others. Later, with experience, the child begins to yearn for something more specific when it is hungry a bottle, a cookie, a broiled lobster, a slice of New York modality pizza.The archetype is like a black hole in space You only know its there by how it draws matter and light to itself. The pay back archetype The mother archetype is a particularly good example. All of our ancestors had mothers. We have evolved in an environment that included a mother or mother-substitute. We would never have survived without our connection with a nurturing-one during our times as helpless infants. It stands to reason that we are built in a way that reflects that evolutionary environment We come into this humanness ready to want mother, to seek her, to recognize her, to deal with her.So the mother archetype is our built-in ability to recognize a certain relationship, that of mothering. Jung says that this is rather abstract, and we are likely to project the a rchetype out into the world and onto a particular person, usually our own mothers. Even when an archetype doesnt have a particular real person available, we tend to personify the archetype, that is, turn it into a mythological story-book character. This character symbolizes the archetype.The mother archetype is symbolized by the primordial mother or earth mother of mythology, by Eve and Mary in western traditions, and by less personal symbols such as the church, the nation, a forest, or the ocean. According to Jung, someone whose own mother failed to satisfy the demands of the archetype may well be one that spends his or her life seeking comfort in the church, or in appellative with the motherland, or in meditating upon the figure of Mary, or in a life at sea. Mana You must understand that these archetypes are not really biological things, like Freuds instincts.They are more spiritual demands. For example, if you dreamt about long things, Freud force suggest these things represent the phallus and ultimately sex. But Jung might have a very different interpretation. Even dreaming quite specifically about a penis might not have much to do with some unfulfilled need for sex. It is curious that in primitive societies, phallic symbols do not usually refer to sex at all. They usually symbolize mana, or spiritual power. These symbols would be displayed on occasions when the spirits are being called upon to increase the yield of corn, or fish, or to heal someone.The connection amongst the penis and strength, between semen and seed, between fertilization and fertility are understood by most cultures. The shade off Sex and the life instincts in general are, of course, represented someplace in Jungs system. They are a part of an archetype called the shadow. It derives from our prehuman, animal past, when our concerns were limited to survival and reproduction, and when we werent self-conscious. It is the dark side of the ego, and the evil that we are capable of is a great deal stored there. Actually, the shadow is amoral neither good nor bad, just like animals.An animal is capable of tender care for its young and vicious killing for food, but it doesnt choose to do either. It just does what it does. It is innocent. But from our human perspective, the animal world looks rather brutal, inhuman, so the shadow becomes something of a garbage can for the parts of ourselves that we cant quite admit to. Symbols of the shadow include the snake (as in the garden of Eden), the dragon, monsters, and demons. It often guards the entrance to a cave or a pool of water, which is the collective unconscious.Next time you dream about wrestling with the devil, it may only be yourself you are wrestling with The persona The persona represents your public image. The word is, obviously, related to the word person and character, and comes from a Latin word for mask. So the persona is the mask you put on before you show yourself to the outside world. Although it begins as an archetype, by the time we are finished realizing it, it is the part of us most distant from the collective unconscious. At its best, it is just the good impression we all wish to present as we fill the roles society requires of us.But, of course, it can also be the false impression we use to manipulate peoples opinions and behaviors. And, at its worst, it can be mistaken, even by ourselves, for our true nature Sometimes we guess we really are what we pretend to be Anima and animus A part of our persona is the role of antheral or fe potent we must play. For most people that role is determined by their physical gender. But Jung, like Freud and Adler and others, snarl that we are all really bisexual in nature. When we begin our lives as fetuses, we have undifferentiated sex organs that only gradually, under the influence of hormones, become male or female.Likewise, when we begin our social lives as infants, we are neither male nor female in the social sense. Almost immediatel y as soon as those pink or blue booties go on we come under the influence of society, which gradually molds us into men and women. In all societies, the expectations placed on men and women differ, usually based on our different roles in reproduction, but often involving many details that are purely traditional. In our society today, we still have many remnants of these traditional expectations.Women are still expected to be more nurturant and less aggressive men are still expected to be strong and to ignore the emotional side of life. But Jung felt these expectations meant that we had developed only half of our potential. The anima is the female aspect present in the collective unconscious of men, and the animus is the male aspect present in the collective unconscious of women. Together, they are referred to as syzygy. The anima may be personified as a young girl, very spontaneous and intuitive, or as a witch, or as the earth mother.It is likely to be associated with deep emotion ality and the force of life itself. The animus may be personified as a wise old man, a sorcerer, or often a number of males, and tends to be logical, often rationalistic, and even argumentative. The anima or animus is the archetype through which you communicate with the collective unconscious generally, and it is grievous to get into touch with it. It is also the archetype that is responsible for much of our love life We are, as an ancient Greek myth suggests, always looking for our other alf, the half that the Gods took from us, in members of the opposite sex. When we fall in love at first sight, then we have found someone that fills our anima or animus archetype particularly well Other archetypes Jung said that there is no fixed number of archetypes that we could simply list and memorize. They overlap and easily melt into each other as needed, and their logic is not the usual kind. But here are some he mentions Besides mother, their are other family archetypes. Obviously, there i s father, who is often symbolized by a guide or an authority figure. on that point is also the archetype family, which represents the idea of blood relationship and ties that run deeper than those based on conscious reasons. There is also the child, represented in mythology and art by children, infants most especially, as well as other small creatures. The Christ child celebrated at Christmas is a manifestation of the child archetype, and represents the future, fitting, rebirth, and salvation. Curiously, Christmas falls during the winter solstice, which in northern primitive cultures also represents the future and rebirth. People used to light bonfires and perform ceremonies to advance the suns return to them.The child archetype often blends with other archetypes to form the child-god, or the child-hero. Many archetypes are story characters. The hero is one of the main ones. He is the mana personality and the defeater of evil dragons. Basically, he represents the ego we do tend t o identify with the hero of the story and is often engaged in fighting the shadow, in the form of dragons and other monsters. The hero is, however, often dumb as a post. He is, after all, ignorant of the ways of the collective unconscious. Luke Skywalker, in the superstar Wars films, is the perfect example of a hero.The hero is often out to rescue the maiden. She represents purity, innocence, and, in all likelihood, naivete. In the beginning of the Star Wars story, Princess Leia is the maiden. But, as the story bring forwardes, she becomes the anima, discovering the powers of the force the collective unconscious and becoming an equal partner with Luke, who turns out to be her brother. The wise old man guides the hero. He is a form of the animus, and reveals to the hero the nature of the collective unconscious. In Star Wars, he is played by Obi Wan Kenobi and, later, Yoda.Notice that they teach Luke about the force and, as Luke matures, they die and become a part of him. You mig ht be curious as to the archetype represented by Darth Vader, the dark father. He is the shadow and the master of the dark side of the force. He also turns out to be Luke and Leias father. When he dies, he becomes one of the wise old men. There is also an animal archetype, representing humanitys relationships with the animal world. The heros faithful horse would be an example. Snakes are often symbolic of the animal archetype, and are thought to be particularly wise.Animals, after all, are more in touch with their natures than we are. Perhaps loyal little robots and true(p) old spaceships the Falcon are also symbols of animal. And there is the trickster, often represented by a clown or a magician. The tricksters role is to hamper the heros progress and to generally make trouble. In Norse mythology, many of the gods adventures originate in some trick or another played on their majesties by the half-god Loki. There are other archetypes that are a little more difficult to talk about . One is the original man, represented in western religion by Adam.Another is the God archetype, representing our need to comprehend the universe, to give a meaning to all that happens, to see it all as having some purpose and direction. The hermaphrodite, both male and female, represents the union of opposites, an important idea in Jungs theory. In some religious art, Jesus is presented as a rather feminine man. Likewise, in China, the character Kuan Yin began as a male saint (the bodhisattva Avalokiteshwara), but was portrayed in such a feminine manner that he is more often thought of as the female goddess of compassionThe most important archetype of all is the self. The self is the ultimate unity of the personality and is symbolized by the circle, the cross, and the mandala figures that Jung was fond of painting. A mandala is a brief that is used in meditation because it tends to draw your focus back to the center, and it can be as simple as a geometric figure or as complicated as a stained glass window. The personifications that best represent self are Christ and Buddha, two people who many imagine achieved perfection. But Jung felt that perfection of the personality is only truly achieved in death.

English subculture

What is subculture? It is a culture within a culture 2. Name more or less of the subcultures you know. Hip-hop, memo, hooligan & hippie 3. What subculture is represented in the picture? Hip-Hop Why atomic number 18 members of the group easily recognizable? Because they are getting ready to go on stage themselves 4. What is stereotyping? Give example of stereotypes. Its a way of seeing people. E. G. The Germans are drinking a lot of beer 5. How might people stereotype you? As a person who like to have fun and party Reading 1. Describe the poll featured in the article. Statistics about children answered by adults 2.What words and expressions were apply by adult Britons to describe children? Animal, feral, vermin 3. What is general perception of todays children and young people in Beginning to behave like animals and that they are increasing the jeopardy to society 4. Are British youngsters as criminal as they believed to be? Not at all they are only responsible for 12 % not 50 % 5. What percentage of crime in the KICK is committed by young people? 12 % Geeks/ nerd What is distinctive about the group Geeks are shy, love games or an other geek things (Math, school, magna, nine, science and many more things).Many are not good to talk to new people. Some are genuinely lonely and dont go out much. Because of that are they bullied by many. But there are many geeks, so they find each other. What attitude is shown by its members towards plant and interests? Geeks is not interested in that to wear and not to wear. Stereotypical nerd appearance includes very large glasses, braces, severe acne and pants highly lifted up. In the media, many nerds are white males, portrayed as being physically unfit, either overweight or very thin. Products that would appeal to the members of the group.Geeks love games, books, all types of food, music, electronics. tot up the story using the graphic organizer. Beginning a man ask the bus conductor 1. Bus conductor is negative 2. Another person joins the argument Old woman 3. Another one joins the debate old man 4. Another one joins the debate girl 5. Suddenly all start discussing decision he talk with the police about the incident. What generalizations are used by the characters in the story? Old people doesnt see young people as good as them If you dont dress properly your parents havent got any control Are there any stereotypes?No because they are all negative Discussion Who fracture and could I have been avoided The bus conductor because he was rude Name some stereotypes of the Danish people. Has a great quality of life.

Overview Of The Indian Pharmaceutical Industry Economics Essay

Indian pharmaceutic Industry The pharmaceutic application in India is among the most extremely organized sectors. This industry plays an of write function in advancing and prolonging exploitation in the field of planetary health check specialty. Due to the movement of low exist fabrication installations, educated and apt attain force and inexpensive labour force among others, the industry is set to scale tender highs in the Fieldss of production, development, fabrication and look into. In 2008, the domestic point social club market in India was expected to be US $ 10.76 meg and this is likely to plus at a compound one-year growing rate of 9.9 per centime until 2010 and later at 9.5 per cent boulder clay the twelvemonth 2015.Industry Tendenciesa?The drug alliance industry by and large grows at rough 1.5-1.6 times the Gross Domestic Product growinga?Globally, India ranks 3rd in footings of fabricating drug guild deals by volumea?The Indian pharmaceutical industry is expected to turn at a rate of 9.9 % boulder clay 2010 and after that 9.5 % boulder clay 2015a?In 2007-08, India exported drugs deserving US $ 7.2 billion in to the US and Europe followed by Central and Eastern Europe, Africa and Latin Americaa?The Indian vaccinum market which was deserving US $ 665 million in 2007-08 is turning at a rate of more than 20 %a?The retail pharmaceutical market in India is expected to brood US $ 12-13 billion by 2012a?The Indian drug and pharmaceuticals section received foreign direct investing to the melody of US $ 1.43 billion from April 2000 to celestial latitude 2008ChallengesEvery industry has its ain sets of advantages and disadvantages under which they have to work the pharmaceutical industry is no exclusion to this. Some of the challenges the industry faces ara?regulatory obstructionsa?Lack of proper substructurea?Lack of qualified professionalsa?Expensive search equipmentsa?Lack of academic coactiona?Under actual molecular find plana?Div ide between the industry and survey course of flying fieldDrug conjunction Companies in IndiaDishman pharmaceuticals, elder drug companyceuticals, J B Pharmaceuticals, Torrent Pharmaceuticals, Sun Pharmaceuticals, Ranbaxy India, Cadila Pharmaceutical Limited, Wockhardt, Strides Arcolab, IPCA Laboratories, Alembic, Amrutanjan, Virchow Laboratories, Polydrug, Laboratories, Dr. Reddy s Laboratories, Aurobindo Pharma, Jubilant Organosys, Astrazeneca Pharma,Divis Laboratories, Merck Ltd. , Astrazen Pharma, , Abbott India, Aventis Pharma Limited, Glenmark, Pharmaceutical Ltd. , Clarion Drugs, Blue Cross Laboratories, Intas Pharmaceuticals Limited, Lincoln Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Matrix Laboratories political sym highwayies EnterprisesThe authorities of India has undertaken some(prenominal) including policy enterprises and taxation enhancement interruptions for the growing of the pharmaceutical concern in India. Some of the steps adopted argona?Pharmaceutical units be eligible for lead en revenue enhancement decrease at 150 % for the query and development distance obtained.a?Two upstart strategies videlicet , New Millennium Indian Technology Leadership Initiative and the Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Research Program have been launched by the political sympathies.a?The Government is contemplating the creative bodily process of SRV or particular purpose vehicles with an insurance screen to be used for funding new drug looka?The Department of Pharmaceuticals is chew overing the creative activity of drug research installations which brush off be used by private companies for research work on rentPharma ExportIn the young old ages, despite the lag witnessed in the planetary economic trunk, exports from the pharmaceutical industry in India have shown good perkiness in growing. Export has force an of import drive force for growing in this industry with more than 50 % down-to-earth coming from the abroad markets. For the fiscal twelvemonth 2008-09 the export of d rugs is estimated to be $ 8.25 billion as per the Pharmaceutical Export Council of India, which is an organisation, set up by the Government of India. A study undertaken by FICCI, the oldest industry chamber in India has predicted 16 % growing in the export of India s pharmaceutical growing during 2009-2010.Key participants in Indian Pharmaceutical IndustryThere are several matter and international pharmaceutical companies that operate in India. Most of the state s demands for pharmaceutical merchandises are met by these companies. Some of them are briefly described down the stairsa?Ranbaxy Labs Limited is the biggest pharmaceutical fabrication company in India. The company is ranked at the 8th bewilder among the planetary generic pharmaceutical companies and has presence in 48 states including universe category fabrication installations in 10 states and serves to clients from over 125 states. Ranbaxy Laboratories 2009-2010 Q3 Net Net income Results showed a net income of Rs 116. 6 crore as compared to Rs 394.5 crore shortage, put down during the corresponding period last financial.a?Dr. Reddy s Laboratories industries and markets a broad screen background of pharmaceuticals both in India and abroad. The company has 60 active pharmaceutical ingredients to even out drugs, critical attention merchandises, diagnostic kits and biotechnology merchandises. The company has 6 FDA workss that produce active drug company ingredients and 7 FDA inspected and ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 certified workss. Dr. Reddy s Q1 FY10 consequence shows the grosss of the company at Rs. 18,189 million which is up by 21 % . During this one-fourth the company introduced 24 new generic merchandises, applied for 22 new generic merchandise enrollments and filed 4 DMFs.a?Cipla is an Indian pharmaceutical company renowned for the industry of low cost anti AIDS drugs. The company s merchandise scope comprises of vermifuges, oncology, anti-bacterials, cardiovascular drugs, antibiotics, nutritio nary addendums, anti-ulcerants, anti-asthmatics and corticoids. Cipla besides offers other services like quality control, technology, undertaking assessment, works supply, consulting, commissioning and know-how exaltation, pledge. For the fiscal twelvemonth 2008-09 the company registered an increase of 22 % in gross revenues and other income over the old twelvemonth.a?Nicholas Piramal is the 2nd largest pharmaceutical health care company in India. The trade names construct by the company include Gardenal, Ismo, Stemetil, Rejoint, Supradyn, Phensedyl and Haemaccel. Nicholas Piramal has entered into join ventures and confederations with several international corporations like Cheissi, Italy IVAX Corp UK, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. , Allergan Inc. , USA etc.a?Glaxo Smithkline ( GSK ) is a United Kingdom found pharma company it is the universe s 2nd largest pharmaceutical company. The company s portfolio of drug company merchandises consist of cardinal nervous system, respiratory , oncology, vaccinums, anti-infectives and gastro-intestinal/metabolic merchandises among others. On November 2009, the FDA had announced that the H1N1 vaccinum manufactured by GSK would fall in the angle of inclination of the four vaccinums approved.a?Zydus Cadila besides known as Cadila Healthcare is an Indian pharmaceutical company located in Gujarat. The company s 1QFY2010 consequences show the net gross revenues at Rs880.3cr which is higher than the estimated Rs773cr. The net net income was Rs124.8cr which was profit of 39 % the addition was on history of higher gross revenues and betterment in the OPM.India s Domestic Pharmaceutical Market ( 12 Months Ended January 2009 )Company Size ( $ cardinal ) Market Share ( % ) Growth Rate ( % )Entire Pharma Market 6.9 100.0 9.9Cipla.36 5.3 13.4Ranbaxy.34 5.0 11.5Glaxo Smithkline.29 4.3 -1.2Piramal Healthcare.27 3.9 11.7Zydus Cadila.24 3.6 6.8Beginning ORG IMSFuture ScenarioWith several companies slated to do investings in India, the hereafter scenario of the pharmaceutical industry in looks pretty promising. The state s pharmaceutical industry has enormous potency of growing sing all the undertakings that are in the grapevine. Some of the hereafter enterprises area?According to a survey by FICCI-Ernst & A Young India will open a likely US $ 8 billion market for MNCs selling expensive drugs by 2015a?The survey besides says that the domestic drug company market is likely to make US $ 20 billion by 2015a?The Minister of Commerce estimations that US $ 6.31 billion will be invested in the domestic pharmaceutical sectora? unrestricted expenditure on health care is likely to raise from 7 per cent of GDP in 2007 to 13 per cent of GDP by 2015a?Dr Reddy s Laboratories has tied up with GlaxoSmithKline to develop and market generics and preparations in upcoming markets overseasa?Lupin, a Mumbai based pharmaceutical company is looking to strike chances of nearly US $ 200 million in the US unwritten preventives marketa? Due to the low cost of R & A D, the Indian pharmaceutical off-shoring industry is designated to turn out to be a US $ 2.5 billion chance by 2012Expectation From compute 2010- Health & A Pharmaceutical IndustryFebruary 24, 2010- Budget intelligence on budget outlooks by wellness sector of IndiaThe Finance Minister of India is precisely two yearss off from 26th February, 2010 when he will show the married couple Budget 2010-11. This is a really of import fiscal papers for all the sectors of India as it will find how the public presentment of assorted industries is to be financially and otherwise supported by the Government of India. In the budgets of past old ages, high allotments had been make to the flagship programmes of the authorities that includes national wellness excessively among others. The wellness industry that includes natural wellnesssector all(prenominal) bit good as pharmaceutical industry of India has high budget outlooks from the concretion Budget 10-11 as it hopes for proclamations of believable stairss to be taken to better the quality of public outgo on wellness sector. Issues much(prenominal) as wellness, HIV AIDS, thinness relief, sanitation undertakings, H2O planning and development undertakings, should go on to stay high precedence points on the budget for improved supports and boilersuit development.a? soon the wellness related in-house R & A D disbursals enjoy 150 % leaden task write-off that should be extended to disbursals on outsourced surveies such as clinical tests and specific research lab surveies. Besides the leaden tax write-off should be raised from 150 % to 200 % .a?On lines of the developed economic systems, the construct of research revenue enhancement credits to countervail future revenue enhancement liability should be introduced.a?State assume accountability on certain preparations should be brought down from the present 16 % to 8 % .a?Allocation for the National Rural Health Mission should be increased wel l.a?Excise responsibilities should non be applicable to all indispensable drugs.a? levy freedom for export oriented units should be extended and the place of new direct revenue enhancement codification on particular economic zones should be made clear.a?Healthcare installations like medical checkup specialties and carriage salvaging drugs, trained medical forces and physicians, installations for diagnosing of of import diseases and complaints should be extended to the rural India on a precedence footing.a?The wellness industry has many outlooks from Budget 2010 sing subsidies and revenue enhancement inducements on assorted indispensable merchandises such as livelihood salvaging drugs, equipments for diagnostic intents etc.a?Tax freedoms should be apt(p) to bing infirmaries and wellness establishments so that more and more infirmaries and wellness establishments in rural countries can be established.a?Keeping in position the long gestation period, the revenue enhancement vacation provided to infirmaries set-up in rural countries should be extended from 5 old ages to 10 old ages.a?The ordinances such as shipping pricing, imposts rating and drug pricing that are like acrimonious experiences for the pharmaceutical companies should be rationalized along with early nidation of Advance pricing understandings and safe harbor regulations.a?Pharmaceutical companies should be allowed for claim of outgo on a self-importance enfranchisement footing or on specified paperss such as CA certificate so that conformity of the jurisprudence is done in hassle free mode.a?In order to cut down the overall cost of intervention of patients, the list of life salvaging drugs eligible for imposts duty freedoms should be extended and the tariff on medical devices should be reduced.a?Value Added Tax ( VAT ) on medical specialties should be rationalized across provinces with specific freedom of life salvaging drugs and life salvaging medical equipment.a?Drug makers who are non into ex ports face the relinquish of accretion of Cenvat recognition in the books due to the difference in the duty construction of APIs and FDFs. Measures should be taken for this as there are no commissariats to retrieve the accumulated Cenvat recognition, which finally becomes a cost to such makers.Budget 2010 Expectations of drug company industryHitesh SharmaThe last budget being impersonal, the Indian pharmaceutical industry has worn-out its unfinished docket with the hope that Budget 2010 would turn out to be a redress for the industry. Industry believes that its wish list has a virtue for stipulation in this budget as some of these points have non been covered in the aforesaid at hand statute laws.Research revenue enhancement creditsDrying grapevine of new drugs, increased R & A D outgo and increased force per unit realm in the developed states to convey the wellness attention cost down has compelled MNCs to offshore R & A D farther. While India is perceived as an attractive f inish to outsource R & A D work due to its low cost and high quality capablenesss, to set India in a prima place, there is a demand to supply drift to such activities in the signifier of revenue enhancement and financial benefits. While presently, weighted revenue enhancement benefit is available for in-house R & A D, there are no specific benefits available to units engaged in the concern of R & A D. In this respect, the Government can play its function by provision benefits to units engaged in the concern of R & A D by manner of tax write-off from net incomes linked to investings. Further, benefits in the signifier of research revenue enhancement credits, which can be used to countervail future revenue enhancement liability, similar to those given in developed economic systems can besides be considered.Include disbursals related to research done extracurricular R & A D labThe Indian drug company infinite has witnessed multiple mod moves that have strengthened their ability to do it large in the discovery/R & A D infinite. These Indian companies incur immense outgo on abroad tests, readyings of dossiers, consulting/legal fees for NCE ( New Chemicals Entities ) and ANDA ( Abbreviated New Drug Applications ) filings with the US FDA. Besides there is a important sum of legal costs incurred in supporting the patents and merchandises. While presently, leaden tax write-off is available for outgo on in-house R & A D installation, the commissariats do non stipulate that the outgo incurred outside the R & A D units are eligible for leaden tax write-off. Consequently, industry organic structures have sought the inclusion of outgo minor outgo to research carried outside R & A D installation in India or in any foreign state, within the scope of leaden tax write-off.Extend revenue enhancement vacation to infirmaries beyond rural countriesThe quality and low cost advantage has boosted the medical touristry in India. Industry study suggests that about 150,000 m edical tourer visit India every twelvemonth. Further, medical touristry to India is expected to convey gross of $ 2 billion by 2012. In order to capitalize on the chance and to beef up the place of India as a low cost wellness attention tourer finish, there is a greater demand to set-up more and more province of the art wellness attention installations. Even otherwise, there is a clear instance of augmenting wellness attention system in India. Given that big portion of investing would necessitate to be contributed by private sector, the Government can play its function by furnish financial benefits and widening the bing revenue enhancement vacation to infirmaries set up beyond the rural countries.Subsidy for rural health care substructureSpecifically with respect to rural and semi-urban countries, several companies have taken the enterprise to construct the supply concatenation substructure and develop specific merchandises these stairss are non easy and carry immense investings. To advance the development of these countries and have better entree to healthcare installations, the Government, in add-on to its ain plans, should back up the private sector every bit good this could be in the signifier of subsidy, sharing substructure with private sector, revenue enhancement inducements and so on.Rationalise appraisal processAs per the industry pattern, Pharma companies reach out to patients through physicians by supplying free samples of drugs to physicians and incur other promotional outgo on seminars and so on for instruction of physicians. This creates consciousness about the drugs and finally helps in hiking the gross revenues of the companies. During the class of assessment proceedings, the gross governments frequently challenge the promotional information and ask for voluminous paperss which are cumbersome to supply. They besides frequently deny revenue enhancement tax write-off on an ad-hoc footing. In this respect, the Government can apologize the commi ssariats by supplying for claim of outgo on a self enfranchisement footing or on the footing of specified paperss such as CA certification and so on.Harmonize pricing ordinancesTransportation pricing is another body politic necessitating particular attending for pharmaceuticals industry. While transportation pricing ordinances expect companies covering in active pharmaceuticals ingredients ( APIs ) /finished drug preparations ( FDFs ) imported from related parties to throttle higher borders, Drugs Prices Control Order ( DPCO ) places limitations on the terminal merchandising monetary value. Equally customs ordinances create a rearward force per unit area by seeking to look into any undervaluation of imported APIs/ FDFs. There is a clear instance to being in harmoniousness in transportation pricing, imposts and DPCO ordinances. Other issues which pharma companies face is comparing of monetary values of innovator/ research oriented companies with generic companies without taking awa reness of quality and efficaciousness. This causes important reverse for pioneers companies who spend important costs on research. There is an immediate demand to turn to these issues every bit good. Besides, plot of land it is proposed that Advance Pricing Agreements ( APAs ) and safe harbour regulations would be introduced, it needs to be expedited.Extend list of life salvaging drugsOn the indirect revenue enhancement forepart, the Government can look at widening the list of life salvaging drugs, which are eligible for imposts duty freedoms in India. This will take to handiness of life salvaging drugs to the patients at decreased monetary values and conveying down the cost of intervention for these complaints. Further, it could besides see cut downing the responsibility on medical devices which would take to overall decrease in the cost of intervention of patients. Besides, Government could see cut downing basic usage responsibility for preparations to five per centum in line w ith the Chelliah Committee s long-run financial policy recommendation.Rationalise responsibility constructionThe levy of excise responsibility on API at eight per centum and on end product of four per centum has led to accretion of Cenvat recognition in the books of makers, specially those who are non engaged in exports and cater merely to the domestic market. Further, there are no commissariats to retrieve the accumulated Cenvat recognition, which becomes a cost to such pharma makers. The Government could see rationalizing the responsibility construction by doing it at par with responsibility on concluding end product. Another demand has been to increase the reprieve bound allowed for calculation of excise responsibility on medicines, from 35 to 45 per centum. Further, industry has sought rationalization of Value Added Tax ( VAT ) on medical specialties across provinces with specific freedom of life salvaging drugs and life salvaging medical devices.In a nutshell, while the plane tary developments have led to exciting chances for Indian drug company industry, it is one time once more in hunt of support from the Government to tap the same. On the other manus, the Government is doing advancement in conveying two major revenue enhancement reforms, ie direct revenue enhancement codification, and goods and services revenue enhancement they carry an implicit in docket of conveying revenue enhancement reforms, simplification of processs and minimization of revenue enhancement inducements. Given that the Government intends to implement these statute laws in the close hereafter, it appears that it may non convey in any major adjustments in this budget.Union budget2010-2011Budget 2010 Hits & A girls for Pharmaceutical industryExcise responsibility on goods covered under the Medicinal and Toiletries Preparation Act, 1955 ( MTPA applicable to medical specialties and toilet articless holdingintoxicant content ) is reduced from 16 to 10 per centum to convey it at pa r with banner CENVAT rate. The rate of suspension on covered lavatory readyings has besides been revised from 40 to 35 per centum. Further, the jurisprudence is being amended to supply that the Maximum retail Price ( MRP ) less applicable suspension would be considered for bear downing Countervailing responsibility ( CVD ) for covered imported goods.There has been rationalization in the import responsibility rate construction for the medical devices section, whereby multiplicity of rates have been done off with and the basic imposts responsibility rate has been reduced to 5 from 7.5 per centum. The levy of incident CVD 4 % has besides been withdrawn, whereas in certain specific instances, such as life salvaging medical equipments ( non imported for personal usage ) , available freedoms have been withdrawn. However, on an overall footing, this move is likely to cut down the cost of intervention for patients and hike medical devices industry.The budget proposal exempts import of pr e-packaged goods intended for retail sale, which are covered by MRP commissariats of Standard of Weights and Measures Act or under any other jurisprudence from levy of SACD. This is likely to dissemble bargainers importing finished dose preparations in pre-packaged signifier for retail sale.The Finance Minister has widened the cyberspace of nonexempt services to include wellness look into up undertaken by infirmaries or medical constitutions for the employees of concern entities and wellness services provided under wellness insurance strategy offered by insurance companies Service revenue enhancement would use to said services, merely if, the payment are made straight by the concern entity or the insurance company concerned to the infirmary or medical constitution. Another new levy proposes to cover services provided for care of medical records of employees of a concern entity.Interestingly, the industry wish list still mostly remains ignored, exceeding the list are rationalization of upside-down responsibility rate construction for preparations, imposts duty freedom for all life salvaging drugs, rationalization of transportation pricing ordinances and so on. Clearly, a batch yet remains to be done for the life scientific disciplines industry.2010 impact Drug companyBelow is an analysis on Budget 2010 with signify to the drug company sector.Increased leaden norm of R & A D tax write-off to 200 %Addition in R & A D tax write-off positive for all R & A D pharmaceutical companiesExcise responsibility structured remain unchangedUnion Budget 2010 Drug company industry welcomes revenue enhancement inducements for R & A DNew DELHI Tax inducements given by the Budget for research and development made the Indian pharmaceutical houses sport a smiling but they are leftinquiring if the hiking in excise responsibility to 10 per cent on all non-petroleum merchandises will be applicable to them.Finance Minister Pranab Mukherjee proposed a leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off on outgo incurred in in-house research and development activities to 200 per cent from the current 150 per cent in the Budget. We welcome the authorities s move to increase leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off to 200 per cent as research and development activities is a must and in drug company sector, where it is most desperately required, Indian Drug Manufacturers Association Executive Director Gajanan Wakankar said.However, deficiency of limpidity on whether the drug company sector would besides be covered under the increased excise on all non-petroleum merchandises from 8-10 per cent, held back the sector from observing.Presently, the drug company sector attracts 4 per cent excise responsibility after CENVAT was cut by 4 per cent in December 2008 as portion of a stimulus bundle. We are waiting for more lucidity over the issue and so merely we will measure the impact, Pharmaceutical exports council ( Pharmaexcil ) laminitis Chairman D B Mody said.Piramal Healthcar e Director Swati Piramal besides said, We are still looking at the ( Budget ) documents. She, nevertheless said the revenue enhancement inducements on R & A D was long overdue.ADrug company return from hiking in revenue enhancement tax write-off on in-house R & A D offset by addition in MAT rateOverall impact of the Union Budget 2010-11 on the pharmaceuticals sector is impersonal. The hiking in leaden revenue enhancement tax write-off on in-house R & A D outgo ( from 150 % to 200 % ) is expected to be marginally favorable for pharmaceutical companies concentrating on new drug find such as Piramal Lifesciences, Sun Pharma Advanced Research Company, etc, said the taking recognition evaluation bureau Crisil.The addition in Minimum Alternate Tax ( MAT ) rate from 15 % to 18 % will hold a marginally negative impact for most of the pharmaceutical participants. Pharma participants will non be impacted by the addition in excise responsibility on majority drugs as the same is MODVATable .Adept Talk How drug companies can utilize tax write-off as add-onThursday March 4, 2010 0706 autopsy PSTPharmaceutical companies got a much sought-after wish granted when FM Pranab Mukherjee said in his Budget oral communication for 2010-11 that companies passing on in-house research and development will be taxed less.Drug shapers can subtract duplicate the sum they spend on in-house research while calculating their nonexempt income for the assessment twelvemonth 2011-12 onwards, up from the present tax write-off of one and a half times the research spend.The inducement for disbursement more money in research is welcome, but the quest for new drugs needs aggressively higher investings by the public and private sectors and a alteration in focal point from low-value imitator versions of MNC drugs to new therapies.Harmonizing to official estimations, the top 25 pharmaceutical companies in India fatigued about 6-7 % of their entire gross revenues on research and development in the la st financial compared to the planetary norm of 12-15 % .That worked out to a paltry Rs 3,500 crore by 25 Indian companies in an industry with a turnover of Rs 90,000 crore including exports.The entire R & A D spend by the domestic industry is less than 1 % of the $ 130 billion spent globally on drug research. Experts say that unless Indian drug shapers spend more than 15 % of their gross revenues on research, they can non hold a discernible presence in the universe of plungehisticated, high-value, new drugs.One interesting facet is that the current research spend is chiefly for happening new methods for doing transcripts of expensive and megahit MNC drugs without conflicting their patents so that the transcripts can be sold in markets like the US to do windfall additions.The US allows a six-month sole selling remediate to the first generic transcript that enters the market without conflicting the patent protecting the original drug or by turn outing that the patent was invalid. This path involves judicial proceeding with the pioneer and entails immense legal costs.The history of patent challenges by Indian companies is dotted with a few dramatic successes and a practice of failures. The interesting portion is that the judicial proceeding cost is shown as research and development outgo by most of the Indian companies.Until Indian companies focus every bit or more on contriving their ain new drugs, Indian drug company industry can non lift in planetary tiptop as a maker of new drugs. The present focal point on generics or imitator drugs gets reflected in statistics. Despite being the 3rd largest manufacturer of drugs by volume, Indian drug company industry stands 17th by the value of its end product because of the low-priced nature of the merchandises.Companies have echt railway yard for non being able to pass on research every bit much as their planetary opposite numbers. They are smaller in size and about a 4th of the market is under monetary value co ntrol.Many Indian drug shapers are researching the possibility of acquiring licenses from the drug finder to do an authorized generic version which will hit the market when the original drug s patent expires. The scheme is to fall in the partake if one can non crush him.The authorities is besides non able to apportion the big sums required for drug find from its revenue enhancement grosss or official adoptions. The aid that the section of scientific discipline and engineering provides by manner of non-repayable grants and soft loans for research is besides non sufficient.Therefore, the authorities needs to happen advanced support theoretical accounts to back up new drug research. For illustration, it could present a theoretical account which mobilises financess from investors who are willing to portion the lucks of the high-risk-high-reward game of drug research and funnel it to companies with promising experimental new drugs.Recently, the Planning Commission gave the green signa l to the section of pharmaceuticals to set about a elaborate undertaking study on planing such a theoretical account.The section s thought is to inquire bureaus like UTI Asset Management Company to raise financess through nontaxable bonds. The financess therefore raised will be used to construct establishments, train people and discover drugs. If the research leads to discovery of blockbuster drugs, it will profit investors, the company and the concluding consumer.Even if it fails, the authorities will vouch a minimal return on investings. It is estimated that merely one in six experimental drugs makes it to the market. Public-funded research will besides let the authorities to exert a say in the monetary value at which the concluding merchandise would be made available to the consumer. It might take several months before the finer inside informations are worked out.The FM s gesture of heightening the revenue enhancement sop for research, despite unfavorable judgment that the leade n tax write-off strategy is prone to mistreat, shows the authorities s committedness to advance new drug research. besides much more public and private resources are needed to take the Indian industry to where the policymakers want to take it-the beginning of one in every ten new drugs invented.

Report of Virtue Ethics and Animals Essay

Prompt 1 Rosalind Hursthouse is a renowned virtuous philosopher who champions virtue ethics, peerless of the three major approaches in normative philosophy. In contrast to deontology and consequentialism, virtue ethics is an agent-centered approach that answers the question of what should I be? while does not offer clear rule or ethical answers on why one should/should not recreate. (Guidry-Grimes, 1/31/2013) Virtue ethics empathizes the role of moral vulcanized fiber embodied by the moral agent for assessing his/her ethical behavior and character.In other word, we think what would a virtuous moral agent will act under given circumstance, and he/she typically does what is virtuous and evacuate what is vice. The principles of virtue ethics are the v-rules, namely thinking in terms of virtues and vices, as a virtue person do what is compassionate, do not what is cruel. Applying the v-rules is highly contextual and heavily based on specific circumstances, under which the moral a gent should evaluate what are virtuous to act and subdue actions of vices.Most historicly, in virtue ethics, although virtues and vices are given many vocabulary or ways to describe, there is no rule that specify what the type actions belongs to virtues or vices. For example, compassion can be a virtue or a fault depending on specific scenario (Hurtshouse, 126). Therefore, it is important to recognize that determination of virtuous character and what action would consider virtuous is not always forthright and clear. (Hurtshouse, 127) Having established what virtue ethics is, Hursthouse argues that the concept of moral office is unnecessary and irrelevant for applied virtue ethics.Both deontology and consequentialism, two other branches of normative ethics, are heavily depended upon the moral emplacement concept which fundamentally divides everything into two classes things with moral attitude that are within our circle of concern and worthwhile of moral principles and things without moral 1Page Ye, Kening Prompt 1 experimental condition and are outside of the circle. Hursthouse has pointed out several issues related to the moral position arguments. It is hard to draw a fine line for determining what confine moral spatial relation.Things without moral status can execute of our moral concern if they have sentient value and moral worth to those we concern thus they puzzle valuable to us. If to expand the circle of concern to all sentient animals, it becomes over-simplified and problematic for our moral termination making as beings with moral status can bear competing claims that may require us to further distinguish their features in order to justify our finale making (Hursthouse, 123).In addition, it is criticized as speciesim if to only keep man beings with moral status. Although Hurtshouse compares and contrasts the characteristics of speciesim and familysm, and concludes that giving moral preference for our species, namely military personnel beings, is sometimes wrong but sometimes right (Hursthouse, 122), another issue is that we sometimes cannot avoid to evaluate the significance of moral worth among members of moral status. In short, the common consensus is that all humans are within the circle of concern.The moral status arguments not only give human being strong preference over nonhuman beings but also have instilled priority in decision making for moral agents. As Hursthouse argue, attaching the concept of moral status does not contribute to virtue ethics but only adds complications. If to apply the moral status conception into animal ethics, we are directed to act divisively upon two different groups, namely humans and nonhuman animals, in terms of our sermon and attitude.As such, our manipulation and attitude toward the groups are often distinguished since preference is always given to human beings under universal circumstance. However, on the other hand, virtue ethics challenges us, as moral agents, to strive for virtues and deliver actions that are deemed virtuous in nature. This approach is heavily 2Page Ye, Kening Prompt 1 Prompt 1 status and are outside of the circle. Hursthouse has pointed out several issues related to the moral status arguments.It is hard to draw a fine line for determining what deem moral status. Things without moral status can become of our moral concern if they have sentient value and moral worth to those we concern thus they become valuable to us. If to expand the circle of concern to all sentient animals, it becomes over-simplified and problematic for our moral decision making as beings with moral status can fuddle competing claims that may require us to further distinguish their features in order to justify our decision making (Hursthouse, 123).In addition, it is criticized as speciesim if to only keep human beings with moral status. Although Hurtshouse compares and contrasts the characteristics of speciesim and familysm, and concludes that giving moral pre ference for our species, namely human beings, is sometimes wrong but sometimes right (Hursthouse, 122), another issue is that we sometimes cannot avoid to evaluate the significance of moral worth among members of moral status. In short, the common consensus is that all humans are within the circle of concern.The moral status arguments not only give human being strong preference over nonhuman beings but also have instilled priority in decision making for moral agents. As Hursthouse argue, attaching the concept of moral status does not contribute to virtue ethics but only adds complications. If to apply the moral status conception into animal ethics, we are directed to act divisively upon two different groups, namely humans and nonhuman animals, in terms of our treatment and attitude.As such, our treatment and attitude toward the groups are often distinguished since preference is always given to human beings under universal circumstance. However, on the other hand, virtue ethics chall enges us, as moral agents, to strive for virtues and deliver actions that are deemed virtuous in nature. This approach is heavily 2Page Ye, Kening Prompt 1.